. 2015 Feb 13;20(2):3107–3128. doi: 10.3390/molecules20023107

Table 1.

Metabolic parameters and clinical data of rat serum, liver, and adipose tissue of different treatment groups.

Outcome Variables	ND ⁽¹⁾			HFD ⁽²⁾			HFDC ⁽³⁾
Body weight (g) ⁽⁴⁾
After 12 weeks	502.63	±	20.43 ^a	628.55	±	46.22 ^b	628.79	±	46.36 ^b
After 21 weeks	573.95	±	42.68 ^a	747.74	±	69.70 ^c	636.30	±	51.58 ^b
Serum (mg/dL)
Total cholesterol	92.21	±	20.25 ^b	131.77	±	40.31 ^a	89.39	±	23.21 ^b
HDL-cholesterol	58.12	±	23,44 ^b	33.25	±	12.59 ^a	40.58	±	11.17 ^ab
LDL-cholesterol	30.66	±	15.70 ^b	63.03	±	22.96 ^a	35.12	±	15.86 ^ab
Triglyceride	83.42	±	20.64 ^b	115.99	±	22.01 ^a	83.99	±	24.61 ^b
Free fatty acid	36.90	±	5.00 ^a	26.19	±	4.96 ^b	35.06	±	6.95 ^a
Liver (μg/mg)
Total cholesterol	2.90	±	0.65 ^b	4.92	±	1.08 ^a	2.78	±	1.27 ^b
Triglyceride	13.61	±	5.71 ^b	78.28	±	20.92 ^a	17.71	±	13.93 ^b
Total lipid	23.2	±	5.48 ^c	103.29	±	9.52 ^a	61.68	±	6.16 ^b
Adipose tissue
Adipocytes area (μm²)	632.36	±	157.07 ^ab	747.12	±	154.71 ^a	534.04	±	117.72 ^b
Cell number per spot	147.57	±	30.61 ^a	106.38	±	21.27 ^b	151.22	±	31.61 ^a
Adipose tissue enzyme activities
GPDH (nmol/min/mg)	22.61	±	5.29 ^a	43.40	±	22.67 ^b	24.76	±	14.16 ^ab
LPL (nmol/min/mg)	21.75	±	13.23 ^a	71.00	±	19.75 ^c	27.82	±	15.74 ^a

⁽¹⁾ ND (normal diet): Normal diet (Harlon 2018S) + Distilled water (n = 10); ⁽²⁾ HFD (high fat diet): 60 kcal% fat + Distilled water (n = 9); ⁽³⁾ HFDC (high fat diet with caffeine): 60 kcal% fat + 0.1% Caffeine solution (n = 10); ⁽⁴⁾ After 12 weeks of only a HFD or ND, or after 21 weeks after drinking caffeine for 9 weeks (HFDC group). Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical difference between experimental groups is based on analysis using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple range test at p < 0.05. Means with different letters (e.g., a or b) are statistically different. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.