Table 3.

Pharmacological evidence of some Cymbopogon species.

Cymbopogon Species	Pharmacology	Activity	References
C. citratus	Cytotoxicity	Shows high toxicity against Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells (IC50 = 10.63 μg/mL) and moderately toxic against human fibroblast cell line 138 (W138) cells (IC50 = 39.77 μg/mL).	[72]
	Insecticidal	LC50 of 48.6 μL/L against housefly larvae	[43]
	Neurobehavioral effects	Ability to be active as sedative, anxiolytic and anticonvulsant agent	[73]
	Antitrypanosomal	Modest activity against Trypanasoma brucei IC50 = 1.837 ± 0.13 μg/mL	[72]
	Anti-diabetic	Shows activity against poloxamer-407 induced type 2 diabetic (T2D) in Wistar rats	[43]
	HIV/AIDS	As a highly effective control for oral thrush in HIV/AIDS victims in South Africa	[68]
	Larvicidal activity	It shows high inhibition and mortality rate against larva of A. aegypti	[74]
	Chemopreventive activity	Inhibits the early phase of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats	[67]
	Anti-inflammations	Hexane extract inhibited iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase)expression, NO (nitric oxide) production and various LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced pathways	[75]
C. schoenanthus	Antioxidant(DPPH)	36%–73.8% activity per 2 μL of oil	[58]
	Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory	IC50 = 0.26 ± 0.03 mg mL−1	[58]
	Insecticidal activity	2.7 μL/L obtained for LC50 against Callosobruchus maculatus	[76]
C. winterianus	Moluscidal	LC90 = 97.0mg/L and LC50 = 54.0 mg/L	[54]
	Larvicidal	LC 50 = 181.0mg/L	[54]
	Anti-fungal	Inhibited the growth of 15 strains of Candida albicans at concentrations of 625 μg/mL and 1250 μg/mL	[77]
C. giganteus	Antimicrobial	High activity against gram +ve and gram −ve bacteria	[25]
	Cytotoxicity	Low cytotoxicity against CHO cells and the human non cancer fibroblast cell line (W138)	[72]
	Anti-trypanosomal	IC50 = 0.25 ± 0.11 μg/mL against Trypanasoma brucei	[72]
	Antiplasmodial	High activity with an IC50 ≤ 20 μg/mL	[72]
C. pendulus	Antifungal	Strong activity against Microsporum audouinii, Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum at 100% for all the species	[78]
C. flexuosus	Chemopreventive	Potent in vivo activity against Ehrlich and Sarcoma-180 tumors.	[71]
C. densiflorus Stapf	Antibacterial	Gram-negative bacteria. MICs were found to be between 250 and 500 ppm for the Gram-positive and between 500 and 1000 ppm for the Gram-negative bacteria	[79]
C. ambiguus	Inflammatory	Inhibition of ADP-induced human platelet serotonin release in the cell.	[26]
C. nardus	Antibacterial	MIC values ranged from 0.244 µg/mL to 0.977 µg/mL when tested against the bacterial isolates	[52]
C. nervatus	Molluscidal activity	It inhibits Biomphalaria pfeifferi at LD50 of 213.099 ppm dose dependent	[80]
C. olivieri	Antimicrobial activity	Exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against gram ±ve organisms	[14]