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. 2016 Jun 22;21(6):809. doi: 10.3390/molecules21060809

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© 2016 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of anthraquinone-2-carboxlic acid (AQCA) on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandine E₂ (PGE₂) in macrophages and cell viability. Peritoneal macrophages (2 × 10⁶ cells/mL) or RAW264.7 cells (1 × 10⁶ cells/mL) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 μg/mL) in the presence or absence of AQCA, 2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone (2-HMAQ), or 2-MAQ for 24 h. (a–c–left panel) Concentrations of NO or PGE₂ in the culture supernatants were determined using the Griess assay and enzyme immunoassay (EIA); (c–right panel) Chemical structures of AQCA, 2-HMAQ, and 2-MAQ; (d–e) Peritoneal macrophages or RAW264.7 cells were treated with AQCA (0 to 100 μM) for 24 h, respectively. Cell viability was evaluated using the (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, tetrazole (MTT) assay. All data are expressed as the mean ± SD of experiments performed with six samples. Similar inhibitory patterns were observed in two repeat experiments. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 compared to control (LPS alone) or normal (without LPS) groups.

Effect of anthraquinone-2-carboxlic acid (AQCA) on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandine E₂ (PGE₂) in macrophages and cell viability. Peritoneal macrophages (2 × 10⁶ cells/mL) or RAW264.7 cells (1 × 10⁶ cells/mL) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 μg/mL) in the presence or absence of AQCA, 2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone (2-HMAQ), or 2-MAQ for 24 h. (a–c–left panel) Concentrations of NO or PGE₂ in the culture supernatants were determined using the Griess assay and enzyme immunoassay (EIA); (c–right panel) Chemical structures of AQCA, 2-HMAQ, and 2-MAQ; (d–e) Peritoneal macrophages or RAW264.7 cells were treated with AQCA (0 to 100 μM) for 24 h, respectively. Cell viability was evaluated using the (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, tetrazole (MTT) assay. All data are expressed as the mean ± SD of experiments performed with six samples. Similar inhibitory patterns were observed in two repeat experiments. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 compared to control (LPS alone) or normal (without LPS) groups.

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