Table 1.

Studies targeting reactive carbonyl species to prevent metabolic disorders.

Metabolic Disorders	Targeting RCS	Tested Agent	Model	Ref.
Cell Studies
Insulin resistance	HNE, Protein carbonyls	D3T, NAC, AGD, SAM	Gastrocnemius muscle, muscle cells (L-6)	[24]
Insulin resistance	AGEs, Protein carbonyls	AGD, Pyridoxamine	Pancreatic β-cells (HIT-T15)	[25]
Diabetic nephropathy	RAGE	Glucagon-like peptide 1	Human mesangial cells	[26]
Animal Studies
Dyslipidemia	HNE, AGEs	Carnosine	Zucker Fa/Fa rats	[27]
Atherosclerosis Renal disease	HNE, ALEs	D-carnosine octylester	ApoE null mice (HFD)	[28]
Diabetic atherosclerosis	RCS, AGEs, ALEs, RAGE	LR-90	Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats	[29]
Liver damage	AGEs, RAGE, protein carbonyls	Glycyrrhizi	High fructose-fed Wistar rats	[31]
Liver/renal toxicity	RAGE, Protein carbonyls	Peach	CCl4 injected Wistar rats	[30]
Diabetic nephropathy	RAGE	Candesartan	MG injected Dahl salt-sensitive rats	[32]
Human Studies
Diabetes and complication	RAGE	Simvastatin	Type 2 diabetic patients	[33]
Diabetes	MG	Metformin	Type 2 diabetic patients	[19]

RCS, reactive carbonyl species; HNE, 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal; D3T, 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione; NAC, N-acetyl-cysteine; AGD, aminoguanidine; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine; AGEs: advanced glycation end products; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; ALEs, advanced lipoxidation end products; HFD, high fat diet; MG, methyl glyoxal.