Table 1.
Plants essential oils with analgesic-like activity.
| Plant Specie | Major Constituent | Animal Model | Mechanism of Action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bunium persicum | γ-Terpinene (46.1%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Formalin | Peripheral and central | [25] |
| Citrus limon | Limonene (52.77%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Formalin, Hot-plate | Central | [26] |
| Cymbopogon citrates | Myrcene (27.83%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Tail-flick | Not informed | [27] |
| Cymbopogon winterianus | Geraniol (40.06%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Formalin, Hot-plate | Peripheral and central | [28] |
| Eucalyptus citriodora | Citronellal (83.50%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Tail-flick | Not informed | [27] |
| Eugenia caryophyllata | Eugenol (87.34%) | Formalin, Tail-flick | Opioid | [29] |
| Heracleum persicum | Hexyl butyrate (56.5%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Formalin | Peripheral | [30] |
| Hofmeisteria schaffneri | Hofmeisterin III | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Hot-plate | Opioid | [31] |
| Hyptis fruticosa | 1,8-Cineole (18.70% in leaves) | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Formalin | Peripheral and central | [32] |
| α-Pinene (20.51% in flowers) | ||||
| Hyptis pectinata | β-Caryophyllene (40.90%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Formalin, Hot-plate | Peripheral and central (opioid, nitrergic and cholinergic) | [33] |
| Illicum lanceolatum | Myristicin (17.63%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings | Peripheral | [34] |
| Lippia gracilis | Thymol (24.08%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings | Peripheral | [35] |
| Carvacrol (44.43%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Formalin, Hot-plate | Peripheral and central (opioid, nitrergic and cholinergic) | [36] | |
| Matricaria recutita | α-Bisabolol oxide B (25.5%) | Carrageenan-induced mechanical hypernociception | Peripheral | [37] |
| Mentha x villosa | Piperitenone oxide | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Formalin, Hot-plate, Tail-flick | Peripheral | [38] |
| Nepeta crispa | Not informed | Formalin, Tail-flick | Not informed | [39] |
| Ocimum basilicum | Linalool (69.54%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Formalin, Hot-plate | Peripheral and Central (opioid) | [40] |
| Ocimum gratissimum | Eugenol (67.17%) | Formalin, Hot-plate | Central (opioid) | [41] |
| Ocimum micranthum | (E)-methyl cinnamate (33.6%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Formalin, Hot-plate | Peripheral | [42] |
| Peperomia serpens | (E)-Nerolidol (38.0%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Formalin, Hot-plate | Peripheral | [43] |
| Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus | Neral (27.59%) Geranial (36.49%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings | Peripheral | [44] |
| Piper alyreanum | Caryophyllene oxide (11.5%) | Formalin | Peripheral | [45] |
| Satureja hortensis | γ-Terpinen (50.5%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Formalin | Peripheral | [25] |
| Senecio rufinervis | Germacrene (40.19%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Hot-plate | Peripheral and central | [46] |
| Tetradenia riparia | 14-hydroxy-9-epi-caryophyllene (18.27%–24.36%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings | Not informed | [47] |
| Teucrium stocksianum | δ-Cadinene (12.92%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings | Not informed | [48] |
| Ugni myricoides | α-Pinene (52.1%) | Carrageenan-induced mechanical hypernociception; CFA-induced mechanical hypernociception; Partial ligation of sciatic nerve | Not informed | [49] |
| Valeriana wallichii | δ-Guaiene (10%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Tail-flick | Peripheral | [50] |
| Xylopia laevigata | γ-Muurolene (17.78%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Formalin | Peripheral | [51] |
| Vanillosmopsis arborea | α-Bisabolol (70%) | Eye wiping (corneal nociception) Formalin | Peripheral and Central (TRVP1 cholinergic, adrenergic and serotoninergic) | [52] |
| Zingiber oficinalle | Zingiberene (31.08%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings | Peripheral | [53] |
| Zingiber zerumbet | Zerumbone (36.12%) | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Formalin, Hot-plate | Peripheral and central (opioid) | [54] |
| Not informed | Acetic acid-induced writhings, Formalin | Peripheral and Central (TRVP1 glutamatergic, nitrergic and ATP-sensitive K+ channel blockade) | [55] |