Table 3.

Reporter genes used for multimodality imaging.

Single/Fusion Reporter Gene	Gene/Protein	Contrast Mechanism	Imaging Method	Ref.
Single reporter gene	Oatp1	(1) Transfer MRI contrast agents (2) Mediate uptake of Gd3+ or 111In based hepatotrophic contrast agents	MRI (T1WI) SPECT	[79,80]
	LacZ	(1) Express β-gal to cleave Gd3+ compounds (2) Visualize lacZ gene expression with activated fluorescent contrast agents	MRI (T1WI) NIR	[4,5,56]
	TYR	(1) Broad optical absorption for photoacoustic effect (2) Chelate metal ions (Fe3+) providing contrast for MRI (3) Melanin-avid PET probes, 18F-P3BZA	PAI MRI (T2WI) PET	[52,81,82,83]
Multimodality reporter gene	Single reporter gene and contrast agent	Sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene and iron oxide	PET MRI	[84]
	Fusion reporter gene	Ferritin gene fused with green fluorescent protein gene	MRI NIR	[74]