. 2016 Sep 27;21(10):1292. doi: 10.3390/molecules21101292

Table 1.

Phenolic acid compositions in extracts of mature wheat bran (MWB), immature wheat bran (IWB), and steamed immature wheat brans (SIWB).

Phenolic Acid Composition ¹		MWB	IWB	SIWB
Ferulic acid (µg/g)	Free ***	26.96 ± 2.78 ^a	20.17 ± 0.38 ^b	13.37 ± 0.47 ^c
	Bound ***	1767 ± 3.00 ^c	3071 ± 32.8 ^a	2532 ± 45.7 ^b
	Total ^2,***	1794 ± 2.80 ^c	3091 ± 32.9 ^a	2545 ± 45.4 ^b
Sinapic acid (µg/g)	Free ***	2.46 ± 0.18 ^b	3.95 ± 0.44 ^a	3.51 ± 0.22 ^a
	Bound	118 ± 1.68 ^a	103 ± 21.12 ^a	120 ± 3.00 ^a
	Total ²	121 ± 1.79 ^a	107 ± 21.34 ^a	124 ± 2.90 ^a
Vanillic acid (µg/g)	Free **	11.98 ± 0.21 ^a	12.20 ± 1.95 ^a	8.07 ± 0.52 ^b
	Bound ***	62.52 ± 0.21 ^a	51.52 ± 1.31 ^b	47.07 ± 1.61 ^c
	Total ^2,***	74.49 ± 0.24 ^a	63.73 ± 1.70 ^b	55.14 ± 1.41 ^c
p-Coumaric acid (µg/g)	Free ***	3.22 ± 0.07 ^c	5.61 ± 0.32 ^a	4.68 ± 0.51 ^b
	Bound ***	51.97 ± 1.60 ^c	68.98 ± 1.51 ^a	58.93 ± 1.75 ^b
	Total ^2,***	55.19 ± 1.65 ^c	74.58 ± 1.38 ^a	63.61 ± 1.53 ^b
Syringic acid (µg/g)	Free	3.38 ± 0.03 ^a	3.63 ± 0.03 ^a	2.39 ± 0.31 ^a
	Bound **	26.11 ± 1.56 ^a	18.01 ± 1.51 ^b	19.08 ± 1.68 ^b
	Total ^2,**	29.50 ± 1.56 ^a	21.64 ± 1.38 ^b	21.47 ± 1.54 ^b
Syringaldehyde (µg/g)	Free ***	3.07 ± 0.02 ^c	12.32 ± 0.33 ^a	10.28 ± 0.36 ^b
	Bound ***	13.67 ± 0.14 ^c	18.70 ± 0.64 ^a	16.33 ± 0.48 ^b
	Total ^2,***	16.74 ± 0.16 ^c	31.02 ± 0.84 ^a	26.60 ± 0.40 ^b
Caffeic acid (µg/g)	Free	2.38 ± 0.03 ^a	2.14 ± 0.18 ^a	1.99 ± 0.10 ^a
	Bound	7.87 ± 1.14 ^a	9.52 ± 1.12 ^a	10.14 ± 0.44 ^a
	Total ²	10.25 ± 1.17 ^a	11.65 ± 1.01 ^a	12.13 ± 0.51 ^a

¹ Mean values of three replications; ² Total was calculated as a sum of free and bound values; ^abc Values with same alphabet within a row are not significantly different; **, *** Significantly differ at p < 0.01, and p < 0.001.