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VA Qu Spez but not other VA preparations stimulate the secretion of DC cytokines. Immature DCs were untreated (control, labelled as ‘C’) or treated with five preparations of VA at various concentrations for 48 h. The amount (pg/mL, mean ± SEM, four independent donors) of (A) IL-6; (B) IL-8; (C) IL-12; (D) IL-10; and (E) TNF-α in cell-free supernatants was measured. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.
