Table 1.
Polyphenol classes, their typical representatives, main sources, applied extraction methods and described biological effects.
| Polyphenol | Sources | Extraction | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCG) (flavonoids/catechins) | Tea, fruits (apples, grapes, berries), red wine, chocolate | Maceration, ultrasonic extraction, microwave extraction, stirring | Antioxidative, pro-oxidative, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, suppression of growth and invasion, antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, inhibition of telomerase activity and lipid peroxidation, modulation of estrogen activity, modulation and reversal of epigenetic changes | [1,8,10,13,17,18,35,69,81,82,84,85,86] |
| Apigenin (flavonoids/flavones) | Aromatic plants (chamomile, parsley, oregano, thyme), grapefruit, oranges, onions | Organic solvent extraction using methanol, ethanol and propanol as well as their mixtures | Antioxidative, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, inhibition of tumor growth, pro-apoptotic, suppression of tumor progression, anti-invasive, antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, anti-proliferative, modulation of epigenetic changes | [8,13,36,93,94] |
| Quercetin (flavonoids/flavonols) | Vegetables (onions, broccoli), fruits (apples, apricots, berries), nuts, seeds, tea, wine, cocoa | Subcritical water extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction | Strongly antioxidative; pro-oxidative, antiviral, inhibition of tumor formation and migration, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, antimetastatic, anti-angiogenic, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, reduction of tumor incidence and multiplicity, prevention of GJIC inhibition, modulation of epigenetic changes | [5,8,10,11,13,24,35,70,71,81,82,86,91,95,96,97] |
| Fisetin (flavonoids/flavonols) | Strawberries, apples, persimmons, grapes, onions and cucumbers | HCl, EDTA, and formic acid extraction methods | Antioxidative, pro-apoptotic, induction of cell cycle arrest, inhibition of androgen signaling and tumor growth, antiproliferative, decrease in viability of tumor cells | [8,22,35,36,37,91,93] |
| Naringin (flavonoids/flavanones) | Citrus fruits, tomatoes, aromatic plants | Supercritical fluid extraction, conventional soxhlet extraction with different volatile solvents | Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-metastatic, delayed tumor development, reduction of tumor incidence, blocking of peroxide cytotoxicity and apoptosis of healthy cells | [8,31,32,33,69,82,91,94] |
| Naringenin (flavonoids/flavanones) | Citrus fruits, tomatoes, aromatic plants | Supercritical fluid extraction, methanol extraction | Antioxidative, anti-metastatic, antiproliferative, stimulation of DNA repair after oxidative damage | [7,31,32,33,91,92,94,98] |
| Hesperetin (flavonoids/flavanones) | Citrus fruits, tomatoes, aromatic plants | Microwave-assisted extraction, extraction with organic solvents and mixtures (DMSO–methanol) | Antioxidative, inhibition of malignancy, antimetastatic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory | [31,32,33,70,83,91,94,97] |
| Genistein (flavonoids/isoflavones) | Legumes, especially soya | Sub- and supercritical fluid extraction (pressurized hot water extraction, carbon dioxide) | Antioxidative, anti-invasive, anti-inflammatory, anti-metastatic, delay/repression of tumor developement/growth, reduction of tumor multiplicity and volume, pro-apoptotic, antiproliferative, estrogenic activity, prevention of GJIC inhibition, modulation of epigenetic changes | [1,3,8,10,11,17,22,24,31,70,71,81,86,88,100] |
| Xanthohumol (flavonoids/chalcones) | Hops, beer | Supercritical fluid extraction | Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiestrogenic, modulation of enzymatic action, pro-apoptotic, anti-invasive, suppression of tumor growth, anti-proliferative, targeting several processes | [6,32,76,100,102,103,104] |
| Isoliquiritigenin (flavonoids/chalcones) | Licorice, shallot and bean sprouts | Soxhlet extraction, supercritical fluid extraction | Potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimetastatic, anti-invasive, anti-adhesive, inhibition of migration | [100,122] |
| Gallic acid (phenolic acids/hydroxybenzoic acids) | Berries, pineapples, bananas, lemons, wines | Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction | Antioxidative, pro-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-melanogenic, antimutagenic, suppression of tumor growth, anti-invasive, antiproliferative, inhibition of tumorigenesis, anti-angiogenic, modulation of androgen receptor | [8,22,81,93,105,106,107,108] |
| Ellagic acid (phenolic acids/hydroxybenzoic acids) | Berries, pomegranate, walnuts and pecans | Ultrasound-assisted extraction | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-angiogenic, antimetastatic, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, anti-invasive, inhibition of motility | [13,93,105,106,108] |
| Rosmarinic acid (phenolic acids/hydroxycinnamic acids) | Herbs from the Lamiaceae family | Extraction with organic solvents, supercritical fluid extraction | Antioxidative, reduction of HCA formation, modulation of epigenetic changes | [86,105,109] |
| Curcumin (curcuminoids) | Turmeric, mustard | Extraction with different solvents in pure form or their mixtures | Antioxidative, anti-angiogenic, anti-adhesive, tumor growth suppressive, antiproliferative, proapoptotic, antimetastatic, anti-inflammatory, modulation and reversal of epigenetic changes | [11,13,24,71,110,111,112] |
| Resveratrol (stilbenes) | Red wine, grapes, berries, peanuts | Supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction (water, methanol and other organic solvents) | Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cyclooxygenase, antiproliferative, proapoptotic, antiestrogenic, modulation of lipid metabolism, inhibition of platelet aggregation | [83,100,113,114,115,116,117] |
| Pterostilbene (stilbenes) | Red wine, grapes, berries, peanuts | Maceration, extraction at elevated temperature, fluidized-bed extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction | Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-cyclooxygenase, pro-apoptotic, antiproliferative, modulation of lipid metabolism | [83,100,113,114,115,117] |
| Piceatannol (stilbenes) | Red wine, grapes, berries, peanuts | Maceration, extraction at elevated temperature, fluidized-bed extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction | Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cyclooxygenase, modulation of lipid metabolism | [83,100,113,114,115,117] |