Epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCG) (flavonoids/catechins) |
Tea, fruits (apples, grapes, berries), red wine, chocolate |
Maceration, ultrasonic extraction, microwave extraction, stirring |
Antioxidative, pro-oxidative, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, suppression of growth and invasion, antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, inhibition of telomerase activity and lipid peroxidation, modulation of estrogen activity, modulation and reversal of epigenetic changes |
[1,8,10,13,17,18,35,69,81,82,84,85,86] |
Apigenin (flavonoids/flavones) |
Aromatic plants (chamomile, parsley, oregano, thyme), grapefruit, oranges, onions |
Organic solvent extraction using methanol, ethanol and propanol as well as their mixtures |
Antioxidative, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, inhibition of tumor growth, pro-apoptotic, suppression of tumor progression, anti-invasive, antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, anti-proliferative, modulation of epigenetic changes |
[8,13,36,93,94] |
Quercetin (flavonoids/flavonols) |
Vegetables (onions, broccoli), fruits (apples, apricots, berries), nuts, seeds, tea, wine, cocoa |
Subcritical water extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction |
Strongly antioxidative; pro-oxidative, antiviral, inhibition of tumor formation and migration, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, antimetastatic, anti-angiogenic, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, reduction of tumor incidence and multiplicity, prevention of GJIC inhibition, modulation of epigenetic changes |
[5,8,10,11,13,24,35,70,71,81,82,86,91,95,96,97] |
Fisetin (flavonoids/flavonols) |
Strawberries, apples, persimmons, grapes, onions and cucumbers |
HCl, EDTA, and formic acid extraction methods |
Antioxidative, pro-apoptotic, induction of cell cycle arrest, inhibition of androgen signaling and tumor growth, antiproliferative, decrease in viability of tumor cells |
[8,22,35,36,37,91,93] |
Naringin (flavonoids/flavanones) |
Citrus fruits, tomatoes, aromatic plants |
Supercritical fluid extraction, conventional soxhlet extraction with different volatile solvents |
Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-metastatic, delayed tumor development, reduction of tumor incidence, blocking of peroxide cytotoxicity and apoptosis of healthy cells |
[8,31,32,33,69,82,91,94] |
Naringenin (flavonoids/flavanones) |
Citrus fruits, tomatoes, aromatic plants |
Supercritical fluid extraction, methanol extraction |
Antioxidative, anti-metastatic, antiproliferative, stimulation of DNA repair after oxidative damage |
[7,31,32,33,91,92,94,98] |
Hesperetin (flavonoids/flavanones) |
Citrus fruits, tomatoes, aromatic plants |
Microwave-assisted extraction, extraction with organic solvents and mixtures (DMSO–methanol) |
Antioxidative, inhibition of malignancy, antimetastatic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory |
[31,32,33,70,83,91,94,97] |
Genistein (flavonoids/isoflavones) |
Legumes, especially soya |
Sub- and supercritical fluid extraction (pressurized hot water extraction, carbon dioxide) |
Antioxidative, anti-invasive, anti-inflammatory, anti-metastatic, delay/repression of tumor developement/growth, reduction of tumor multiplicity and volume, pro-apoptotic, antiproliferative, estrogenic activity, prevention of GJIC inhibition, modulation of epigenetic changes |
[1,3,8,10,11,17,22,24,31,70,71,81,86,88,100] |
Xanthohumol (flavonoids/chalcones) |
Hops, beer |
Supercritical fluid extraction |
Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiestrogenic, modulation of enzymatic action, pro-apoptotic, anti-invasive, suppression of tumor growth, anti-proliferative, targeting several processes |
[6,32,76,100,102,103,104] |
Isoliquiritigenin (flavonoids/chalcones) |
Licorice, shallot and bean sprouts |
Soxhlet extraction, supercritical fluid extraction |
Potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimetastatic, anti-invasive, anti-adhesive, inhibition of migration |
[100,122] |
Gallic acid (phenolic acids/hydroxybenzoic acids) |
Berries, pineapples, bananas, lemons, wines |
Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction |
Antioxidative, pro-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-melanogenic, antimutagenic, suppression of tumor growth, anti-invasive, antiproliferative, inhibition of tumorigenesis, anti-angiogenic, modulation of androgen receptor |
[8,22,81,93,105,106,107,108] |
Ellagic acid (phenolic acids/hydroxybenzoic acids) |
Berries, pomegranate, walnuts and pecans |
Ultrasound-assisted extraction |
Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-angiogenic, antimetastatic, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, anti-invasive, inhibition of motility |
[13,93,105,106,108] |
Rosmarinic acid (phenolic acids/hydroxycinnamic acids) |
Herbs from the Lamiaceae family |
Extraction with organic solvents, supercritical fluid extraction |
Antioxidative, reduction of HCA formation, modulation of epigenetic changes |
[86,105,109] |
Curcumin (curcuminoids) |
Turmeric, mustard |
Extraction with different solvents in pure form or their mixtures |
Antioxidative, anti-angiogenic, anti-adhesive, tumor growth suppressive, antiproliferative, proapoptotic, antimetastatic, anti-inflammatory, modulation and reversal of epigenetic changes |
[11,13,24,71,110,111,112] |
Resveratrol (stilbenes) |
Red wine, grapes, berries, peanuts |
Supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction (water, methanol and other organic solvents) |
Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cyclooxygenase, antiproliferative, proapoptotic, antiestrogenic, modulation of lipid metabolism, inhibition of platelet aggregation |
[83,100,113,114,115,116,117] |
Pterostilbene (stilbenes) |
Red wine, grapes, berries, peanuts |
Maceration, extraction at elevated temperature, fluidized-bed extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction |
Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-cyclooxygenase, pro-apoptotic, antiproliferative, modulation of lipid metabolism |
[83,100,113,114,115,117] |
Piceatannol (stilbenes) |
Red wine, grapes, berries, peanuts |
Maceration, extraction at elevated temperature, fluidized-bed extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction |
Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cyclooxygenase, modulation of lipid metabolism |
[83,100,113,114,115,117] |