Table 2.

Preclinical studies of curcumin-mediated neuroprotective effects.

Model	CUR-Mediated Protective Effects	Proposed Mechanisms Involved	Up/Down	References
		In vitro
LPS-stimulated rat BV2 microglia	antioxidative, anti-inflammatory	iNOS, NO, COX-2, PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α	↓	[37]
Aβ-induced murine primary microglia	anti-inflammatory, anti-amyloidogenic	IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MAPK, ERK1/2	↓	[38]
Aβ-induced rat PC12 cells	anti-amyloidogenic	intracellular calcium, Tau hyperphosphorylation	↓	[42]
Mutant APPswe over expression in SH-SY5Y	anti-amyloidogenic	GSK3β activity, APP and Tau hyperphosphorylation	↓	[43]
Mutant APPswe over expression in Neuro2A	anti-amyloidogenic	PS1, BACE-1, Aβ plaques	↓	[37]
		In vivo
Tg2576 mice expressing mutant APP	anti-inflammatory, anti-amyloidogenic	IL-1β, GFAP, amyloid plaques	↓	[39]
Icv-STZ mice model for AD	anti-inflammatory, antioxidative	AChE, oxidative stress, memory deficits PPARγ receptor activation	↓ ↑	[40]
APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice	anti-amyloidogenic	Aβ deposits, cognitive deficit	↓	[38]
APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice	anti-amyloidogenic	PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway	↓	[46]
APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice	anti-amyloidogenic	insulin-degrading enzymes and neprilysin	↑	[47]
CCH rats	anti-cholesterol	ATP-binding cassette transporter and Apolipoprotein A1	↑	[50]