Figure 4.

Effect of costunolide (CS) on H₂O₂-induced intracellular accumulation of ROS and mitochondria membrane potential (MMP). Intracellular ROS levels and MMP were measured using the MitoCapture™ Kit. PC12 cells were pretreated with various concentrations of CS for 30 min before exposure to 0.75 mM H₂O₂ for 6 h. (A) Histogram showing the ROS level in PC12 cells after treatment with H₂O₂ in presence or absence of CS compared to untreated groups; (B) Histogram showing the number of cells with a low potential in PC12 cells after treatment with H₂O₂ in presence or absence of CS compared to untreated groups. Cells were stained with MitoCapture™ solution, demonstrating both a reduced number of healthy cells (red signal) and increased number of cells with disrupted mitochondrial potential (green signal) in the presence of CS. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Values with the same superscript letters are not significantly different from each other at # p < 0.01 compared with the control group; * p < 0.05, compared with the model group.