Figure 3.

The effect of DBMB on NF-κB signaling pathway regulation. (a,b) Phosphorylation level of NF-κB signaling molecules as determined by immunoblotting using IκBα, IKKα/β, Akt, PDK1, p85, Syk, and Src antibodies against phosphor- or total protein in whole RAW264.7 cells lysates; (c) Direct Syk kinase activity was determined by immunoblotting using immunoprecipitated p85 and Syk with ATP. Phospho-p85 and total Syk antibodies were used; (d) Suppression of Syk kinase activity was determined by immunoprecipitation using total level of Syk antibody. Phospho- or total proteins of Syk and p85 in immunoprecipitation mixture were determined by immunoblotting using antibodies against phospho- and total Syk and p85. Please explain the meaning of “+” and “−” here.