Figure 4.

Dual process model of dihydrotestosterone and pubic hair development and associations with substance use involvement at age 16 years. Age1 is a variable containing each boys’ exact age at visit 1, age2 is a variable containing each boys’ exact age at visit 2, and age3 is a variable containing each boys’ exact age at visit 3. Unstandardized beta-weights are presented with standard errors in parentheses. Results for White boys appear above results for non-White boys. Estimated means for measures of timing (estimated log transformed hormone level or stage at 9.42 years) and tempo (change in log transformed hormone levels or number of stages per 2-year interval) and substance use (where 0 = the full sample mean) are presented in triangles. * p < .05, † p < .10.