Table 3.

Neonatal outcome after lithium treatment during pregnancy: findings from clinical cohort studies

Study	Design	Sample size	Findings
Jacobson et al. (1992)	Prospective cohort study	Exposed = 138 Controls = 148	No difference in the rate of preterm birth Higher birthweight in lithium exposed neonates
Troyer et al. (1993)	Cohort study	Exposed = 60 Disease matched non-exposed = 290	Cohort of manic-depressive women: risk ratio for prematurity of 2.54 No difference in birthweight
Newport et al. (2005a, b)	Cohort study	Exposed = 24	Lower Apgar scores, longer hospital stays and higher rates of CNS and neuromuscular complications in infants with high lithium levels No statistically significant association with preterm birth or low birth weight
Diav-citrin et al. (2014)	Prospective cohort study	Exposed = 183 Disease matched non-exposed = 72 Controls = 748	2.3 times higher rate of preterm delivery in exposed group (13.7% versus 6.0%) No differences in birth weight
Frayne et al. 2017	Cohort study	Exposed = 19	Eight neonates admitted to a special care unit
Munk-Olsen et al. (2018)	Meta-analysis (six study sites)	Exposed = 727 Disease matched controls = 21,397	No association between lithium exposure in utero and preterm birth (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.83–1.84), low birth weight (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.72–1.35) or small for gestational age (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.67–1.21) A significant higher rate of neonatal admission (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.12–2.33)

OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval