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. 2018 Nov 9;19(11):3530. doi: 10.3390/ijms19113530

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The possible cell signaling pathways induced by acute exposure to 4 h of CTSS in human corneal epithelial cells contributing to increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and MMP-9 that may contribute to ocular surface inflammation. (A) The effects of acute CTSS on increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and MMP-9 mediated by PAR-2; (B) Acute CTSS induces IL-8 through a PAR-2- independent pathway. A one-way black solid arrow () represents a proposed inducible pathway, an one-way black dashed arrow () represents a possible one-way inducible pathway, a two-way red dashed arrow () represents a possible two-way inducible pathway and a solid line with blunt end () represents a negative feedback pathway.

Inline graphic — The possible cell signaling pathways induced by acute exposure to 4 h of CTSS in human corneal epithelial cells contributing to increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and MMP-9 that may contribute to ocular surface inflammation. (A) The effects of acute CTSS on increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and MMP-9 mediated by PAR-2; (B) Acute CTSS induces IL-8 through a PAR-2- independent pathway. A one-way black solid arrow () represents a proposed inducible pathway, an one-way black dashed arrow () represents a possible one-way inducible pathway, a two-way red dashed arrow () represents a possible two-way inducible pathway and a solid line with blunt end () represents a negative feedback pathway.