Table 1.

Main strategies executed by commonly and clinically relevant pathogenic bacterial strain to hijack cellular system and evade the host surveillance system.

Bacterial Strain	Bacterial Protein	Effector Type	Action	Reference
Salmonella typhimurium	SopA	HECH TSS3	Ubiquitinates host TRIM65 and TRIM56, blocking the production of interferon-α, helps machrophages and epithelial cell invasion	[52,53,54,55]
	SidC	RING/U-Box E3	Binds membrane PI4P and helps SCV generation	[59]
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli	NleL	HECH TSS3	Ubiquitinates Tir into host intestinal cells; Ubiquitinates JNK	[56,57,58]
Escherichia coli	NleG	U-box Ubiquitin Ligase	Interacts with UBE2E2, UBE2E3 and UBE2D2	[60]
Legionella pneumophila	LubX	U-box Ubiquitin Ligase	Ubiquitinates Clk1; ubiquitinates SidH to preserve host survival	[61,62,63]
	GobX	U-box Ubiquitin Ligase	Exploites host ubiquitination and palmitoylation	[64]
	LegU1/LegUA13	F-box proteins and TSS4	Degrades host BAT3 or BAG6	[65,66]