Table 3.

Some therapeutic molecules acting in the brain and tested in lupus-prone murine models.

Therapeutic Molecule	Molecular Target	Neuroinflammatory Process	Reference
Crry-Ig	C3 convertase	Complement deposition Apoptosis Neurodegeneration Cytokine production Adhesion molecule expression	[193,197]
Anti-ICAM-1 Ab	ICAM-1	Sciatic nerve conductivity	[155]
Anti-CD4 Ab	CD4+ T cells	Immune cell infiltration Inflammation of the CP	[179]
Cyclophosphamide	Immune cell dsDNA	Synaptic pruning	[223]
BI-BTK-1	BTK	Immune cell infiltration	[224]
GW2580	CSF-1R	Cytokine expression	[229]
PLX5622	CSF-1R	Synaptic pruning	[44]
Captopril	ACE	Microglial activation Synaptic pruning	[44]
hCDR1 peptide/Edratide	Anti-dsDNA Ab	Inhibition of neurogenesis Complement deposition Immune cell infiltration Neurodegeneration	[171,198]
FTY720/Fingolimod (Gilenya)	S1P receptor	BBB leakage Immune cell infiltration Cytokine production Neurodegeneration	[230,231]
P140 peptide/Lupuzor	HSPA8	CMA regulation	[85]

Abbreviations: Ab, antibody; ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; BBB, blood–brain barrier; BTK, Bruton’s tyrosine kinase; CMA, chaperone-mediated autophagy; CP, choroid plexus; crry, complement regulator complement receptor 1-related gene/protein-y; CSF-1R, colony stimulating factor 1 receptor; ds, double-stranded; HSPA8, heat shock protein A8; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule; Ig, immunoglobulin; S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate.