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. 2018 Oct 25;19(11):3319. doi: 10.3390/ijms19113319

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Relative gene expression levels of bone resorption markers after 7 days of culturing RAW264.7 cells in vitro with RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand). Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (Trap) and calcitonin receptor (CalcR) were analyzed as phenotypic markers, and cathepsin K (Ctsk), vacuolar type proton ATPase (H⁺ATPase) and metalloproteinase 9 (Mmp9) as functional osteoclastic markers. Values represent mean ± SEM, n = 6, a.u. (arbitrary units). t-test: * p < 0.05 vs. Ti, ^# p < 0.05 vs. APTES, ⁺ p < 0.05 vs. QR.