POP treatment regulated gut microbiota structure in HFD-fed obese rats. (A) UniFrac-based PCoA plots. (B) Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) among groups based on the Bray–Curtis distances. (C) Relative abundances of gut microbiota at the phylum level. Relative abundances of (D) major phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and (E) minor phyla Actinobacteria, Elusimicrobia, and Proteobacteria. Relative abundances of gut microbiota at the (F) genus and (H) species levels. (G) Relative abundances of minor genera Enterococcus, Coprobacillus, Lactococcus, Sutterella, and Clostridium. All data are presented as means ± SEM. a,b Mean values not sharing a common superscript were significantly different among the groups (n = 6 for each) (p < 0.05).