| AMPK | 5′ adenosine monophosphate -activated protein kinase |
| AICAR | 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide |
| BGPA | β-Guanidinopropionic acid |
| HS | hindlimb suspension |
| mTOR | mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin |
| p70S6K | ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 |
| CaMKKβ | Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β |
| LKB1 | liver kinase B1 |
| BDNF | brain-derived neurotrophic factor |
| MuRF-1 | Muscle RING-finger protein-1 |
| FOXO | forkhead box proteins |
| IRS-1 | insulin receptor substrate 1 |
| MyHC | myosin heavy chain isoforms |
| nAChRs | nicotinic acetylcholine receptors |
| ULK-1 | Unc-51-like kinase |
| PGC1α | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha |
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