Table 1.
Overview of transport proteins regulated by AMPK in extrarenal tissues and evidence for renal expression.
| Ion Channel/Transporter and Method of Modifying AMPK Activity | AMPK Effect | Cell Type of Studied AMPK Effect/Ref. | Evidence for Renal Expression/Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Heterologous expression systems | |||
| Kir2.1 | Reduction of channel activity and membrane abundance via Nedd4-2 mediated endocytosis | Xenopus oocytes [207] | Human proximal tubular cells [208] |
| Kv1.5 | Reduction of channel activity and membrane abundance via Nedd4-2 mediated endocytosis | Xenopus oocytes [209] | Human kidney biopsies [210] |
| Kv11.1 (hERG) | Reduction of channel activity and membrane abundance via Nedd4-2 mediated endocytosis | Xenopus oocytes [211] | Human proximal and distal convoluted tubule [212] |
| SMIT | Reduction of channel activity | Xenopus oocytes [213] | Rat kidney medulla [214] |
| BGT1 | Reduction of channel activity | Xenopus oocytes [213] | Human kidney inner medulla [215] and mouse kidney medulla (basolateral membranes of collecting ducts and TAL of Henle) [216] |
| EAAT3 | Reduction of channel activity and membrane abundance | Xenopus oocytes [217] | Mouse renal proximal tubule [218] |
| NCX | Reduction of channel activity and membrane abundance | Xenopus oocytes [169] | Rat distal convoluted tubule [219] |
| K2P10.1 (TREK-2) | Inhibition of channel activity via phosphorylation at Ser-326 and Ser-359 | HEK293 cells [220] | Human proximal tubule [221] |
| KCa1.1 | Increase in channel activity and membrane abundance | Xenopus oocytes [222] | Human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and healthy kidney cortex [223] |
| Pharmacological Manipulation | |||
| KCa1.1 | Inhibition of channel activity | Rat carotid body type I cells [224] | |
| Kir6.2 | Upregulation of channel activity Up- or down-regulation of channel activity |
Rat cardiomyocytes [225] Rat pancreatic beta-cells [226,227] |
Rat renal tubular epithelial cells [228] |
| KCa3.1 | Reduction of channel activity | Human airway epithelial cells [229] | Human proximal tubular cells [230] |
| MCT1 and MCT4 | Upregulation of mRNA expression | Rat skeletal muscle [231] | MCT1: basolateral membrane of mouse proximal tubular epithelial cells [232] MCT4: human ccRCC [233] |
| PepT1 | Downregulation of channel activity and brush-border membrane abundance | Caco-2 cells [234] | Rat renal proximal tubule [235] |
| Orai1 | Downregulation of cell membrane abundance and SOCE | Rat UMR106 osteoblast-like cells [56] | Rat glomerular mesangial cells [236] |
| Genetically Modified Mouse Models | |||
| Orai1 | Mouse T-lymphocytes [171] Mouse dendritic cells [169] |
||