Table 1.

YAP/TAZ expression and functional relevance in organ fibrosis.

Organ	Expression in Human Tissues	Animal Model	Cell Culture (Cell Type)	Phenotype	Related Molecule	Reference
Lung	Elevated YAP/TAZ nuclear staining in lung fibroblasts of IPF patients Elevated YAP nuclear staining in lung epithelial cells of IPF patients	Intratracheal administration of bleomycin Adoptive transfer of fibroblasts into the tail vein	Lung fibroblast	Cell proliferation, contraction, ECM production, migration, myofibroblast differentiation	CTGF, PAI-1, Collagen 1, α-SMA	[7,34,35,36,39]
			Lung epithelial cell	Cell proliferation, migration, loss of apical–basal polarity	AXL, CTGF, AJUBA, Scribble, VANGL1
Kidney	Elevated TAZ nuclear staining in the renal tubular epithelium and interstitium of patients with IgA nephropathy and membranous nephropathy Elevated YAP nuclear staining in the renal tubular epithelium during the regeneration and fibrogenesis stages after acute kidney injury (AKI)	Unilateral ureteral obstruction Streptozotocin-induced renal injury (diabetic nephropathy) Aristolochic acid-induced nephropathy Ischemia/reperfusion by clamping the bilateral renal arteries (AKI–chronic kidney disease transition)	Renal fibroblast	ECM production, myofibroblast differentiation	α-SMA, PAI-1, Collagen 1	[40,41,42,43,44]
			Renal tubular epithelial cell	Cell proliferation, EMT-like phenotype, ECM production	TGF-β2, TGF-β receptor 2, CTGF
			Podocyte	ECM production	Collagen 6, BCAM, ADAMTS1
Skin	Elevated YAP nuclear staining in the skin nodules of patients with Dupuytren disease Elevated YAP/TAZ nuclear staining in dermal fibroblasts of patients with SSc	Wound generation by full-thickness punch biopsy (wound healing process) Administration of bleomycin by osmotic minipump	Dermal fibroblast	Contraction, myofibroblast differentiation, ECM production	α-SMA, Collagen 1	[46,47,48,49]
			Keratinocyte	Cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis, suppressed differentiation	CYR61
Liver	Elevated YAP nuclear staining in the stellate cells of human cirrhotic livers caused by infection with hepatitis C virus	Intraperitoneal administration of carbon tetrachloride Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model induced by diet rich in fructose, palmitate, and cholesterol	Hepatic stellate cell	Myofibroblast differentiation, cell proliferation	α-SMA, Collagen 1, CTGF, Glutaminase, MMP2	[50,51,52]
			Hepatocyte	Secretion of profibrotic factors	Indian hedgehog