| PD | Parkinson’s disease |
| DA | dopamine |
| SNpc | substantia nigra pars compacta |
| α-syn | α-synuclein |
| SING | startle-induced negative geotaxis |
| PAM | protocerebral anterior medial |
| MPTP | 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin |
| MPPP | 1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine |
| MPP+ | 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion |
| MAO-B | monoamine oxidase B |
| DAT | dopamine transporter |
| BBB | blood brain barrier |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| Maneb | manganese ethylenebisdithiocarbamate |
| ziram | zinc dimethylbisdithiocarbamate |
| Hsp-70 | heat-shock protein-70 |
| PAL | protocerebral anterior lateral |
| PPM | protocerebral posterior medial |
| PPL | protocerebral posterior lateral |
| dVMAT | Drosophila vesicular monoamine transporter |
| Catsup | Catecholamines-up |
| DAMB | D1-like dopamine receptor |
| TH | tyrosine hydroxylase |
| H2O2 | hydrogen peroxide |
| HO | hydroxyl radicals |
| UCP2 | uncoupling protein 2 |
| LRRK2 | leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 |
| PINK1 | PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 |
| GWAS | genome-wide association study |
| MAPKKK | MAP kinase kinase kinase |
| GSK 3b | glycogen synthase kinase 3b |
| MAP1B | microtubule-binding protein 1B |
| EndoA | endophilin A |
| 4E-BP | eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein |
| VPS35 | vacuolar protein sorting 35 |
| SREBF1 | sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 |
| GCase | β-glucocerebrosidase |
| ER | endoplasmic reticulum |
| UPR | unfolded protein response |
| FTD | frontotemporal dementia |
| GCTA | genome-wide complex trait analysis |
| SNP | single nucleotide polymorphism |
| Fer2 | p48-related 2 |