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The proportion of time (± SE) castrated and uncastrated piglets demonstrated pain-related behaviors (trembling, stiffness, spasms, tail wagging, and rump scratching) throughout the observation period (n = 60 piglets/group). Observers (n = 4) were unaware of piglet treatment and time point when scoring. Different letters (a, b) indicate significant differences between groups within each time point (p < 0.05).
