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. 2018 Nov 26;5:299. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00299

Table 3.

Behavioral analysis of piglets (n = 120) across all litters, replicates and time points.

Time (post-castration)
Behavior F-value Pr1 > F Pre (115)2 0 h (120) 1 h (117) 2 h (120) 3 h (120) 4 h (119) 5 h (118) 6 h (119) 7 h (119) 24 h (118)
Proportion of time (duration) Awake inactive 7.09 <0.0001 0.54 ± 0.03ac 0.62 ± 0.03a 0.47 ± 0.03bc 0.47 ± 0.03bc 0.50 ± 0.03bc 0.47 ± 0.03bc 0.60 ± 0.03a 0.45 ± 0.03bc 0.46 ± 0.03bc 0.53 ± 0.03ac
Lying 11.79 <0.0001 0.66 ± 0.03b 0.45 ± 0.03a 0.68 ± 0.03b 0.67 ± 0.03b 0.70 ± 0.03b 0.75 ± 0.03b 0.67 ± 0.03b 0.71 ± 0.03b 0.71 ± 0.03b 0.55 ± 0.03a
Nosing 6.59 <0.0001 0.05 ± 0.01ac 0.04 ± 0.00a 0.03 ± 0.00a 0.03 ± 0.00a 0.03 ± 0.00a 0.03 ± 0.00a 0.03 ± 0.00a 0.03 ± 0.00a 0.03 ± 0.00a 0.07 ± 0.01bc
Nosing udder 1.04 0.4077 0.16 ± 0.05 0.27 ± 0.05 0.20 ± 0.05 0.21 ± 0.05 0.21 ± 0.05 0.17 ± 0.04 0.27 ± 0.06 0.15 ± 0.04 0.16 ± 0.04 0.14 ± 0.05
Sleeping 6.56 <0.0001 0.40 ± 0.04ac 0.34 ± 0.04a 0.50 ± 0.04bc 0.52 ± 0.04bc 0.48 ± 0.04bc 0.54 ± 0.04bd 0.44 ± 0.04acd 0.54 ± 0.04bd 0.57 ± 0.04b 0.43 ± 0.04acd
Standing 13.15 <0.0001 0.29 ± 0.03b 0.52 ± 0.04a 0.28 ± 0.03b 0.30 ± 0.03b 0.27 ± 0.03b 0.22 ± 0.03b 0.27 ± 0.03b 0.25 ± 0.03b 0.25 ± 0.03b 0.41 ± 0.04a
Suckling 5.96 <0.0001 0.16 ± 0.02ad 0.18 ± 0.02ad 0.16 ± 0.02ad 0.14 ± 0.02a 0.23 ± 0.03cd 0.18 ± 0.03ad 0.28 ± 0.03bc 0.18 ± 0.03ad 0.21 ± 0.03ac 0.11 ± 0.02a
Tail wagging 14.93 <0.0001 0.02 ± 0.00a 0.03 ± 0.00a 0.03 ± 0.00a 0.04 ± 0.00a 0.04 ± 0.00a 0.02 ± 0.00a 0.02 ± 0.00a 0.03 ± 0.00a 0.03 ± 0.00a 0.09 ± 0.01b
Walking 24.25 <0.0001 0.09 ± 0.01b 0.17 ± 0.02a 0.08 ± 0.01bc 0.10 ± 0.01b 0.07 ± 0.01bc 0.05 ± 0.00c 0.04 ± 0.00c 0.06 ± 0.01bc 0.06 ± 0.00c 0.16 ± 0.02a
Sitting 1.08 0.3767 0.05 ± 0.00 0.04 ± 0.00 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.00 0.05 ± 0.00 0.06 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.00
Spasms 0.72 0.6927 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Kneeling 1.17 0.3175 0.01 ± 0.00 0.02 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.02 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00
Playing 1.50 0.1540 0.02 ± 0.00 0.04 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.00
Scratching 2.53 0.01033 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.02 ± 0.00
Isolated 1.40 0.1952 0.11 ± 0.04 0.19 ± 0.06 0.10 ± 0.04 0.13 ± 0.04 0.08 ± 0.04 0.06 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.03 0.08 ± 0.04 0.08 ± 0.03 0.06 ± 0.03
Desynchronized 1.73 0.0840 0.12 ± 0.05 0.15 ± 0.05 0.12 ± 0.04 0.05 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.03 0.06 ± 0.03 0.10 ± 0.04 0.13 ± 0.05 0.12 ± 0.05 0.11 ± 0.05
Stiffness 1.54 0.1462 0.00 ± 0.00 – 0.00 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00
Chewing 2.46 0.0129 0.00 ± 0.00a 0.01 ± 0.00ab 0.00 ± 0.00ab 0.01 ± 0.00ab 0.02 ± 0.00ab 0.00 ± 0.00ab 0.02 ± 0.00b 0.01 ± 0.00ab 0.01 ± 0.00ab 0.01 ± 0.00ab
Trembling 0.06 0.9998 0.01 ± 0.03 0.00 ± 0.03 0.02 ± 0.04 0.07 ± 0.36 0.01 ± 0.03 0.03 ± 0.04 0.06 ± 0.73 0.00 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.06 –
Running 0.05 1.0000 0.01 ± 0.04 0.00 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.07 0.00 ± 0.03 0.01 ± 0.05 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.03 0.02 ± 0.05 0.03 ± 0.09 0.00 ± 0.01
Agonistic 1.41 0.1999 –6 – – – – – – – – –
Active4 11.24 <0.0001 0.33 ± 0.03b 0.56 ± 0.03a 0.32 ± 0.03b 0.32 ± 0.03b 0.29 ± 0.03b 0.25 ± 0.03b 0.32 ± 0.03b 0.30 ± 0.03b 0.28 ± 0.03b 0.46 ± 0.03a
Pain5 8.51 <0.0001 0.03 ± 0.00a 0.05 ± 0.00a 0.05 ± 0.00a 0.06 ± 0.01a 0.05 ± 0.00a 0.04 ± 0.00a 0.04 ± 0.00a 0.04 ± 0.00a 0.05 ± 0.00a 0.11 ± 0.01b

Values presented are the proportional means ± SE.

a−d

Means with different superscripts in the same row differ significantly (p < 0.05).

1

Significant effects are indicated in bold.

2

Total number of observations for each treatment group.

3

Not significant after Tukey-Kramer adjustment.

4

Active behaviors include: nosing, suckling, walking, chewing, playing, and running.

5

Pain behaviors include: stiffness, trembling, spasms, tail wagging, and scratching.

6

Dash indicates behavior was not observed.