Table 3.
Results of ANOVA and post hoc tests for personality traits.
| Elementary schoolers | Preschoolers | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | p | η2 | Post hoc test (Tukey) | F | p | η2 | Post hoc test (Tukey) | |
| Domain | ||||||||
| Extraversion | 2.620 | 0.053 | 0.053 | Late starters > early starters (p = 0.056) | ||||
| Openness to experience | 3.325 | 0.022 | 0.066 | Very-early starters > early starters (p = 0.067) Late starters > early starters (p = 0.055) | ||||
| Agreeableness | 2.145 | 0.097 | 0.044 | |||||
| Subscale | ||||||||
| Achievement orientation | 3.084 | 0.029 | 0.062 | Late starters > early starters (p = 0.081) | ||||
| Activity level | 4.481 | 0.005 | 0.087 | Very-early starters > early starters (p = 0.015) Mid starters > early starters (p = 0.074) Late starters > early starters (p = 0.010) | ||||
| Compliance | 2.330 | 0.077 | 0.047 | Late starters > mid starters (p = 0.086) | 2.454 | 0.090 | 0.039 | Very-early starters > early starters (p = 0.083) |
| Consideration | 3.376 | 0.02 | 0.067 | Late starters > early starters (p = 0.044) Late starters > mid starters (p = 0.023) | ||||
| Fearfulness/insecurity | 2.565 | 0.081 | 0.040 | Mid starters > very-early starters (p = 0.065) | ||||
| Intelligence | 2.357 | 0.074 | 0.048 | Very-early starters > early starters (p = 0.073) | ||||
| Negative affect | 2.332 | 0.077 | 0.047 | Very-early starters > early starters (p = 0.050) | ||||
| Positive emotions | 2.694 | 0.048 | 0.054 | Late starters > early starters (p = 0.064) | ||||
Only significant and marginally significant results are described. All dfs for the first grade were [3, 141], and all dfs for the middle grade of kindergarten were [2, 122]. ANOVA, analysis of variance.