Table 1.

Prevalence of sarcopenia in CKD and associations with mortality and physical function

Reference	Population	Criteria	Prevalence (%)	Association
Souza et al. [17]	NDD	EWGSOP FNIH	11.9 28.7	ADL, gait speed, functional capacity, higher BMI
Zhou et al. [18]	NDD CKD (Stages 3–5)	ASMI < 7.3/5.5 kg/m2 men/women HGS < 30/20 kg men/women ASMI and Handgrip	36 29 14	Measured GFR, functional reach, Berg balance score.
Pereira et al. [10]	NDD CKD (3–5)	HGS < 30th percentile of population, sex-specific reference, plus: MACM < 90% population reference SGA BIA < 10.76/6.76 kg/m2 men/women	9.8 9.4 5.9	Mortality HR (association between mortality and sarcopenia according to BIA significant after multivariate adjustment)
Lamarca et al. [19]	HD CKD	DEXA 20th percentile of young individuals 2 SD below mean of young individuals BIA 20th percentile of young individuals 2 SD below mean of young individuals SKF 20th percentile of young individuals 2 SD below mean of young individuals MAMC < 90% population reference CC <31 cm HGS < 10th percentile of population cohort	73.5 32.7 51 13.7 44.1 3.9 34.7 21.8 85.1
Kittiskulnam et al. [20]	HD CKD	Low MM (2 SD below sex-specific means for young adults) indexed to: Height Weight BSA BMI Low MM and SM strength (HGS <26/16 kg men/women) indexed to: Height Weight BSA BMI	8.1 25.3 32.4 25.0 3.9 11.4 15.9 14.0	Gait speed (Associations between data and mortality presented in another paper [21]. Significantly higher mortality rate in sarcopenic patients, according to low MM, but not in adjusted models)
Gracia-Iguacel et al. [22]	HD CKD	ISRMN [23] criteria of PEW at 3 time points Baseline 12 months 24 months	37 40.5 41.1	No association between PEW and mortality but loss of MM associated with increased mortality
Carrero et al. [24]	HD	SGA	39	Mortality risk
Kittiskulnam et al. [21]	HD	HGS <26/16 kg men/women	29.9	Low HGS and slow gait speed associated with mortality risk
Chang et al. [25]	NDD CKD	HGS, SGA, BIA, MAMC, MAMA, MAC, SKF	N/A	Only HGS was significantly associated with composite endpoints of non-dialysis mortality and ESRD
Isoyama et al. [26]	Dialysis CKD	ASMI 7.3/5.5 kg/m2 HGS <30/20 kg men/women Combined	24% 15% 20%	Low MS associated with PEW, comorbidities, inactivity, old age, low albumin, inflammation. No association of these factors with low MM Both low MS and MM independently associated with mortality risk
Wang et al. [27]	NDD CKD	LTI <10% reference value	12.2%	Serum albumin, eGFR, age, IL-6, CVD

ASMI, Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Index; BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis; BSA, body surface area; CC, calf circumference; DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; SKF, skinfold thickness; HGS, handgrip strength; LTI, Lean Tissue Index.; MAC, mid-arm circumference; MAMA, mid-arm muscle area; MAMC, mid-arm muscle circumference; NDD, non-dialysis dependent; SGA, subjective global assessment; SM, skeletal muscle.