Total hip arthroplasty through an anterior approach

Abstract

• Total hip arthroplasty through an anterior approach has been increasing in popularity amongst surgeons and patients.

• Anterior approach hip arthroplasty seems to offer improved early outcomes in terms of pain, rehabilitation and length of stay.

• No difference in long-term outcomes has been shown between anterior and posterior or lateral approaches.

• Proper formal training, utilization of fluoroscopy and adequate experience can mitigate risks of complications and improve early and medium-term outcomes.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:574-583. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.180023.

Introduction

The anterior approach to the hip was originally described by Carl Hueter in 1817, in his work Der Grundriss der Chirurgie. However, it was Smith-Petersen who popularized the approach in the US and the English-speaking world, after describing it in 1917. In the early 20th century, the anterior approach was regularly used to treat hip dysplasia. In the middle of the century the approach was utilized to treat femoral neck fractures and implant the first hip prostheses with varying degrees of success. Scepticism regarding inadequate exposure and the huge success of the Charnley prosthesis shifted the focus of attention towards the lateral and posterolateral approaches.¹ The work of the Judet brothers and Keggi helped re-popularize the anterior approach in the 1980s. With the continued improvement of implants, outcomes and techniques, the muscle damage caused by the lateral and posterolateral approaches to the abductors and external rotators started to cause concern,² and interest in the muscle-sparing anterior approach was renewed, with the works of Matta et al,³ Berger,⁴ Kennon et al,⁵ Siguier et al⁶ and others presenting excellent results and updates in technique.

In recent years a growing number of surgeons have been using the anterior approach for hip arthroplasty, as well as resurfacing and femoral neck fractures. The muscle-sparing nature of the approach and the improved early results of the anterior approach as well as the favourable dislocation rate reported have tempted many surgeons and patients to switch to the anterior approach. This has not been without criticism, however, focusing on the steep learning curve, high rate of perioperative complications, early revision rate and limited extensibility.

Materials and methods

A systematic review of the literature was conducted in Medline and the Cochrane database (Fig. 1) Searches were carried out using the following terms: “anterior approach hip”, “anterior approach total hip”, and “anterior approach hip arthroplasty”; subsequent separate searches for the subthemes were conducted using the keywords: “anterior approach hip dislocation”, “anterior approach hip fracture”, “anterior approach hip nerve”, “anterior approach hip infection”, “anterior approach hip revision”, “anterior approach hip learning curve”, and “anterior approach hip complication”. The literature search was limited to articles published in the last 20 years. The search revealed 2102 results in PubMed, and 1020 records in the Cochrane database. After title review and checking that the studies included human subjects exclusively, the search yielded 30 and 217 abstracts in the Cochrane and PubMed databases, respectively. Following abstract review a total of 78 articles were retrieved and were considered eligible for full-text review. An additional 22 articles were extracted after full-text review, whereas 12 were discarded due to ineligibility after review. Thus, a total of 88 articles were included in our systematic review.

Fig. 1.

PRISMA 2009 flow diagram.

We have divided results into potential documented advantages and disadvantages and analysed different important points separately.

Advantages

Early postoperative pain scores and patient-reported outcomes

Randomized controlled trials

The largest prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) is that of Mjaaland et al⁷ who compared the immediate peri- and postoperative results of 83 anterior approach (DAA) total hip arthroplasty patients with 80 patients who underwent a lateral approach (LA). They found a significant difference in early pain scores in favour of the DAA despite increased Creatinine Kinase in the DAA group. Improved WOMAC, HHS and SF-36 scores in DAA patients compared to LA persisting up to one year postoperatively were shown in the RCT of Restrepo et al,⁸ who followed the patients for two years. Improved early postoperative pain scores of DAA versus LA patients were recorded by Nistor et al⁹ in an RCT including 25 patients per group during the learning curve of the surgeons. D’Arrigo et al,¹⁰ in an RCT, compared the DAA with the anterolateral (AL), LA and a mini LA. A six-week follow-up showed that the DAA and LA approaches were associated with significantly higher WOMAC scores. Zhao et al¹¹ compared 60 DAA with 60 posterior approach (PA) total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients for a minimum of six months. The DAA group had improved postoperative pain scores, whereas UCLA hip score and HHS were significantly better at the three-month follow-up, but interestingly not at the final follow-up at six months. Similar were the results of another RCT by Barrett et al,¹² who found the DAA to be superior to the PA in terms of early postoperative pain scores and walking distance, HHS and Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) during the first three months. Improved early pain scores without difference in outcome scores between DAA and PA THA patients were reported in the RCTs of Cheng et al¹³ and Christensen et al,¹⁴ with the latter reporting earlier discard of walking aides in the DAA group. On the other hand the study from Rykov et al¹⁵ showed no difference in outcome scores at six weeks between DAA and PA. Furthermore, Taunton et al¹⁶ showed the mini PA being superior in terms of WOMAC and SF-12 mental scores at three-week follow-up, with the DAA patients achieving earlier ambulation without assistance. No difference was found at the later follow-up intervals.

Meta-analyses

Currently there are no large RCTs comparing the early and medium-term outcomes of different surgical approaches for THA. In the current literature the DAA seems to be superior to the LA and equal to or superior to the posterior approaches. To offset the small number of patients in the RCTs, meta-analyses have been conducted. Miller et al¹⁷ pooled data from 13 prospective comparative studies comparing the anterior and posterior approaches for short-term (three-month) outcomes, concluding that the anterior approach was superior in terms of pain scores and hip function. Similarly, Putananon et al¹⁸ conducted a meta-analysis using data from 14 RCTs showing the superiority of the anterior approach in terms of early outcomes compared to the lateral and posterior. On the contrary, Higgins et al¹⁹ in their meta-analysis of 17 studies, including both prospective and retrospective, found no significant difference in outcomes between anterior and posterior approaches. However, they found superiority of the anterior approach in terms of reduced hospitalization and dislocation rate.

Large retrospective studies

Large samples of patients are usually found in the retrospective studies, such as the one from Sibia et al²⁰ comparing 1457 DAA THA patients with 1241 PA patients, concluding that the anterior approach demonstrated significantly higher HHS and pain relief at the three to six-month follow-up but not at one year postoperatively. Malek et al,²¹ on the other hand, compared 265 DAA with 183 PA THA patients, finding no significant difference in outcomes at a median follow-up of 18 months. The comparison between the anterior and lateral approach in the larger retrospective studies favours the former in terms of short-term outcome scores,^22–24 whereas Alecci et al²⁵ demonstrated improved pain scores in the anterior group.

Length of hospitalization

In the majority of studies the length of hospitalization of patients undergoing hip arthroplasty through an anterior approach is significantly reduced compared with their posterior approach counterparts.^{11–15,20,21,26–32} Results are shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 2.

Comparison of length of stay between anterior approach (DAA) and posterior approach (PA).

Note. NSS, not statistically significant.

The same trend of reduced hospital stay is seen when comparing the anterior to the lateral approach; however, this comparison has not been extensively investigated in the literature (Fig. 3).^{8,23,25,33–36}

Fig. 3.

Comparison of length of stay between anterior approach (DAA) and lateral approach (LA).

Note. NSS, not statistically significant.

Discharge destination

The improved postoperative recovery seems to favourably affect the percentage of patients discharged to their homes versus a rehabilitation facility in the DAA patients. In the largest series to date comparing discharge destination between DAA and PA patients, Ponzio et al²⁶ and Sibia et al²⁰ report significantly higher percentages of DAA THA patients being discharged home compared to PA THA patients. The same trend is seen in the literature^13,27–31 without reaching statistical significance in series with smaller numbers of patients. The same is the case for DAA THA patients compared to LA THA in the series of Berend²³ and Alecci²⁵ (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4.

Comparison of discharge destination between anterior approach (DAA) and posterior approach (PA).

Note. NSS, not statistically significant; SS, statistically significant.

Dislocations

The reported dislocation rate for the anterior approach has been consistently low in the literature. Barnett et al,³⁷ in the largest published series of DAA comprising 5090 cases, report a dislocation rate of 0.23%. Similarly, the Anterior Total Hip Arthroplasty Collaborative Investigators³⁸ in another multi-centre study report a 0.6% rate of dislocation in a series of 1277 THA. Sariali et al³⁹ in 1764 cases demonstrated a dislocation rate of 1,5%; however, only 0.11% required revision surgery. Cidambi et al⁴⁰ and Mirza et al⁴¹ have similar results with a rate of 0.2% in 1120 cases and 0.4% in 1035 cases, respectively. Most of the dislocations in the anterior approach patients tend to happen in the first three to four weeks postoperatively, as shown by Siguier et al⁶ and Tamaki et al,⁴² who report that 60% and 75% of dislocations respectively occurred in the first month. The meta-analyses of Lee and Marconi⁴³ and de Geest et al⁴⁴ show similar findings, with 1.2% and 0.6% of dislocations in DAA THA patients. Sheth et al⁴⁵ report in a registry study a lower dislocation rate for the anterior and anterolateral approaches compared to the posterior approach.

Soft tissue damage and gait analysis

The muscle-sparing nature of the anterior approach to the hip has been considered one of its main advantages. However, the evaluation of muscle damage and its clinical sequelae has not been so consistent with this theoretical advantage. In a cadaveric study comparing the anterior and posterior approaches, Meneghini et al⁴⁶ found significantly more damage caused to the rotators, piriformis and gluteus minimus in the posterior approach specimens, and muscle damage caused at the tensor fascia lata and rectus femoris in the anterior approach specimens. The authors report that the piriformis muscle was transected in 50% of the anterior cases to gain access to the femur, a rate that we have not encountered elsewhere, and which depends on the surgeon’s experience and technique. Biochemical markers have been used to detect the levels of muscle damage in a series of studies comparing the anterior to the posterior approach.^{11,15,32,47,48} The trend was for DAA patients to have lower perioperative values of Creatine Kinase (CK), C-reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and lower postoperative pain scores; however, these comparisons did not always reach statistical significance. The RCTs of Mjaaland et al and De Anta-Díaz et al compare the effect of anterior versus lateral approach on muscle damage. Mjaaland et al⁷ find higher postoperative CK values in the DAA group but at the same time lower visual analogue pain scores. De Anta-Díaz et al⁴⁹ reported lower postoperative values of CK, IL-6, CRP and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR in the anterior group. Similarly, the anterior approach led to lower postoperative myoglobin values compared to the lateral in an RCT by Nistor et al.⁹ These findings clearly demonstrate the effect of the surgeon’s skill on the potential muscle damage and possibly question their associated clinical significance. Postoperative pain and recovery speed better reflect the damage of the soft tissue envelope.

Correlation of muscle damage with MRI studies has shown significantly higher rates of gluteus medius and minimus fatty atrophy in lateral approach patients at six months and one year postoperatively,^49,50,51 whereas posterior approach patients predictably displayed higher muscle atrophy in the hip rotators.⁵⁰ The potential effect of the anterior approach on the tensor fascia lata (TFL) is somewhat disputed, with one study⁴⁹ showing thinning of the TFL, whereas another showed no damage.⁵¹

Gait analysis laboratories have been used in recent studies to evaluate the effect of surgical approach on gait patterns. The anterior approach is shown to have improved early rotation range of motion (ROM)⁵² and pelvic tilt closer to normal⁵³ compared to the posterior, but no clinically significant differences seem to emerge.^36,54 Similarly, comparison of the anterior and lateral/anterolateral approaches in postoperative gait patterns show that the anterior approach has some advantages in terms of velocity,^55,56 and closer to normal gait parameters.^53,57,58 The ultimate clinical effect of gait pattern alteration remains unclear, as well as the optimal way to evaluate the effect of surgical approach on muscle tissue.

Simultaneous bilateral procedures

The perioperative safety of same-day bilateral THA (BTHA) surgery compared to staged BTHA within one year has been shown in the largest series from Poultsides et al,⁵⁹ with 1946 same-day bilateral THA (973 patients) with comparable complication rates to staged bilateral procedures. Tamaki et al⁶⁰ also report low complication rates in 325 patients undergoing 650 THA. The only published series comparing the anterior and posterior approaches in bilateral THA is that from Watts et al,⁶¹ in their retrospective analysis of 40 patients undergoing bilateral THA (19 DAA, 21 PA). The authors found no significant difference in complication rates; operative and anaesthesia times were significantly higher in the DAA group. On the contrary, a significantly higher percentage of DAA patients were discharged home.

Ease of fluoroscopy use

One of the big advantages of the anterior approach is the unencumbered use of intraoperative fluoroscopy. The effect of fluoroscopy in adequate cup positioning has been clearly demonstrated in terms of reducing abduction and version outliers.^{11,30,62–64}

Hip resurfacing

The anterior approach can be utilized even in hip resurfacing as demonstrated by Benoit et al⁶⁵ and Kreuzer et al.⁶⁶ The advantages are the preservation of femoral head vascularity by sparing the medial femoral circumflex artery (MFCA), combined with the lack of associated morbidity of trochanteric osteotomy compared to surgical hip dislocation. Benoit et al⁶⁵ reported no need to convert to an extensile approach or early revisions in their series; however, the DAA patients had significantly more cups with an increased angle than the surgical dislocation cohort, although none over 55 degrees. Both authors recommend that a surgeon experienced in DAA THA should undertake this type of procedure.

Disadvantages

Proximal and distal extension of the skin incision

One of the major points of criticism of DAA is the potentially limited extensibility and possible obscure intraoperative exposure. In a cadaveric study, Grob et al⁶⁷ found that the distal extension between TFL and vastus lateralis (VL) endangers the transverse and descending branches of the lateral femoral circumflex artery (LFCA) along with their accompanying motor branches for VL and vastus intermedius (VI), cautioning against possible denervation of these two muscles. The authors advocated using the subvastus approach to pass cerclage wires as a safer route for the neurovascular structures. Ghijselings et al⁶⁸ conducted a cadaveric anatomical study and demonstrated that the position of the distal neurovascular bundles is, for the most part, stable in reference to anatomical landmarks, and predictable. They concluded that distal extension is feasible and proximal femoral cerclage wiring can be safely performed. Nogler and Thaler⁶⁹ in their cadaveric study showed that by dividing the iliotibial band and utilizing the subvastus rather than the intervastus approach, a safe distal access can be easily achieved. The proximal aspect of the approach can be easily extended utilizing the originally described Smith-Petersen approach. This approach has been successfully used, especially in complex revision cases where reconstruction of anterior and medial wall defects was deemed necessary.⁷⁰

Intraoperative complications during the learning curve

Another major point of criticism of the anterior approach is the high complication rate, especially early in the learning curve of the approach. Most notably, intraoperative fractures have been related with difficulty in exposing and manipulating the femur during femoral stem preparation (Fig. 5). Based on the current literature the rates of intraoperative femoral fractures range from 0% to 5.3%.^{21,23,24,26,27,37–41,71–77} There is a trend for lower incidence for larger volume centres and surgeons. Recent meta-analyses of DeGeest et al⁴⁴ and Lee et al⁴³ report rates of 1.3% and 2.3%, respectively. Comparing the intraoperative facture rate between anterior, posterior and lateral approaches in the last years the majority of studies do not demonstrate a statistically significant difference,^{11,23,25–27,30,35,62,78} although there is a trend for higher rates in the anterior approach. Malek et al²¹ found significantly higher fracture rates in the DAA group compared to the posterior approach patients. The majority of these fractures do not necessitate further action or are dealt with using intraoperative cerclage wiring or longer stems in cases of diaphyseal involvement. It is noteworthy that perioperative complications seem to be surgeon-related, as shown by the multi-centre study of the Anterior Total Hip Arthroplasty Collaborative Investigators, and several other articles focusing on the learning curve effect. The definition of the learning curve is relatively elusive; reports claim the first 25,⁷⁹ 36,²⁴ 50,^25,29,76 60,⁸⁰ or 100 cases⁸¹ as the cut-off point for reduction in complications and operative time. In a single surgeon series of 500 DAA THAs, Hartford and Bellino found no difference after the 100 cases, but noted a change in complications from 5% (9% fractures) in the first hundred to 2% (1% fractures) in the last hundred cases.⁷⁴ Other studies support that the combination of an experienced hip surgeon and proper use of fluoroscopy may not increase the complication rate during the learning curve period.^81,82

Fig. 5.

Perioperative femoral fractures.

Early mechanical complication and cementing technique

Early revision due to femoral stem under-sizing and inadequate femoral stem positioning and fixation have been associated with the anterior approach, especially early on in the learning curve, possibly due to inadequate exposure and visibility.^{38,44,81,83,84} Ponzio et al,²⁶ on the other hand, found a reduced rate of early revision compared to the posterior approach in a retrospective study of 4538 THA cases, interestingly including the learning curve in the anterior hip group. The Anterior Total Hip Arthroplasty Collaborative Investigators,³⁸ in a multi-centre study of 1277 DAA THA cases, report an early revision rate of 2.7%, of which 1.3% is attributed to femoral loosening, and note that there was a significant correlation between surgeon and early revision. The adequacy of the exposure even for cementation has been demonstrated in a cadaveric study by Mayr et al,⁸⁵ who found no difference in cement mantle between the lateral and the anterior approach.

As for the femoral component positioning, varus implantation has been reported in as many as 7.5% of cases⁸² during the learning curve, but there does not seem to be a difference in comparison to posterior or lateral approaches,^35,63 and in some studies significantly better stem positioning has been achieved with the anterior approach,¹² possibly due to the intraoperative use of fluoroscopy.

Surgical site infection and role of obesity

Some concern has arisen regarding wound complications in patients treated with DAA, especially in obese patients. Watts et al⁸⁶ report similar rates of wound complications between DAA (1.7%) and PA (1.9%) patients. The authors note that obesity had a significantly negative effect on wound complications in the DAA group. In line with the aforementioned study, Russo et al⁷⁵ found a significantly increased risk for wound and/or any major complication in obese DAA patients compared with non-obese patients. On the contrary, Purcell et al,⁸⁷ in a retrospective study of 4651 patients, found no difference in infection rates and wound complications between obese DAA and obese PA patients, although obese patients had a significantly higher probability of wound complications than non-obese patients in both groups.

Conclusion

The anterior approach to the hip is a safe, muscle-sparing, and fully extensible approach offering potentially great short and medium-term advantages in total hip arthroplasty patients. No study to date has demonstrated a benefit in the long-term survivorship and outcomes of direct anterior THA over posterior or lateral approaches. Nonetheless the early outcomes are making the approach increasingly attractive and popular to both surgeons and patients, especially in light of the tendency to underplay the potential risks in favour of the benefits that was observed in a recent survey amongst US surgeons.⁸⁸ As with most minimally invasive surgical techniques, a great deal of training and skill is required in order to be able to enjoy the advantages and avoid the potentially catastrophic complications. The learning curve is inevitable, as with any new skill or technique, and the early results appear to be surgeon-dependent. We believe that surgeon’s experience, didactic cadaveric workshops and formal training either in the form of fellowships or extended visits to centres and surgeons specializing in the technique, together with the use of intraoperative fluoroscopy, mitigate the risks for early complication and improve short- and medium-term outcomes.

Funding statement

No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article.