Fig. 3.

Percentage of dogs’ performance regarding checking behavior followed by their decision for one side depicted for food and toy in the Unseen condition in Experiment 1. Depicted are all five possibilities of dogs’ checking behavior with food and toy rewards, i.e., which fence they attempted first when they check and which side they selected. By chance dogs can first check the baited side, then they can either go to the correct side (first check-baited-correct) or – wrongly – to the fence where the reward is not hidden (first check-baited-wrong). When dogs check the wrong side on their first attempt, they can either then select the wrong side (first check-empty-wrong), or they can do a second check at the baited side and select the correct fence (first check-empty-correct with second check), or they can choose the baited side without further checking (first check-empty-correct direct)