Figure 1.

Schematic diagrams of the experimental design and protocol. (A) Experimental design of the in vivo evaluation of the accurate and proactive immunomodulatory strategy for material-based rat cranial bone defect repair. DBM material was characterized by SEM imaging and demonstrated outstanding cellular adhesion of BMSCs to scaffolds. (B) The angiogenic and osteogenic effects of macrophage phenotypes were assessed indirectly by co-culturing BMSCs and HUVECs with conditioned media from polarized macrophages.