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a, b Betanin (Bn) content, c, d vulgaxanthin (Vx) content, e, f betanin to vulgaxanthin ratio (Bn:Vx), total phenolic content (g, h), and (i, j) total soluble solids content (TSS) monitored in roots of untreated and 360 g ha− 1 ethephon-treated red beets (3–18 weeks after sowing). Different letters indicate statistical significance according to Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05). Data represent the mean ± SE, n = 3
