Table 1.

In vitro effects of statins in tuberculosis.

Author	Cell type	Treatment	Strain	Effect
Montero et al.	PBMC	Fluvastatin 5 μm	Heat-inactivated M. tuberculosis H37Ra 10 μg/mL	Promotes release of TH1 cytokines and promotes the activation of caspase 1
Lu et al.	PBMC	Lovastatin 10 μm Fluvastatin 2 μm	M. tuberculosis antigens	Inhibits the activation of γδ T cells
Parihar et al.	PBMC and MDM from patients with hypercholesterolemia receiving statin therapy	Simvastatin 50 μM	M. tuberculosis H37Rv MOI 5	Significant reduction of mycobacterial growth
Parihar et al.	Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages	Simvastatin 50 μM	M. tuberculosis H37Rv MOI 5	Significant reduction of mycobacterial growth, simvastatin treatment promotes phagosomal maturation and autophagy
Lobato et al.	THP-1 macrophages	Rifampin 1 μg/mL plus 0.2 μM atorvastatin	M. tuberculosis H37Rv MOI 10 BCG strain of M. bovis MOI 50	Atorvastatin has an additive effect with rifampin, reducing intracellular mycobacterial viability
Skerry et al.	J774 macrophage-like cells	Isoniazid 0.05 μg/mL plus 5 μM simvastatin	M. tuberculosis CDC1551 MOI 10	Simvastatin treatment enhanced the bacterial killing activity of isoniazid at day 3 after infection
Dutta et al.	THP-1 macrophages	0.011 μM isoniazid, 0.012 μM rifampicin, and 162.5 μM pyrazinamide plus 0.1 μM simvastatin	Bioluminescent M. tuberculosis H37Rv MOI 0.05	Simvastatin treatment significantly increased the bactericidal effect of isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide alone or in combination

PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; MDM: monocyte-derived macrophages.