Table 1.
Response to short-term intensive insulin therapy (SIIT) in all participants.
| Overall | Group A (n = 19) | Group B (n = 43) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male/female) | 36/26 | 12/7 | 24/19 | 0.78 |
| Age (years) | 55.9 ± 10.8 | 57.3 ± 11.8 | 52.5 ± 7.1 | 0.05 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 3.0 (0.2, 7.3) | 1.0 (0.2, 3.5) | 3.5(0.3, 9.0) | 0.10 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| Before SIIT | 24.6 ± 3.0 | 25.7 ± 2.4 | 24.2 ± 3.1 | 0.69 |
| After SIIT | 24.6 ± 3.0 | 25.4 ± 2.5 | 24.1 ± 3.1 | 0.12 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||
| Before SIIT | 87.4 ± 8.8 | 90.8 ± 7.0 | 85.8 ± 9.2 | 0.04 |
| After SIIT | 86.4 ± 8.3∗∗ | 88.9 ± 7.0∗ | 85.2 ± 8.7 | 0.11 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | ||||
| Before SIIT | 12.0 ± 3.0 | 10.5 ± 2.2 | 12.7 ± 3.1 | 0.007 |
| After SIIT | 7.7 ± 1.63∗∗ | 6.6 ± 1.1∗∗ | 8.2 ± 1.6∗∗ | <0.001 |
| Postprandial plasma glucose (mmol/L) | ||||
| Before SIIT | 17.3 ± 5.2 | 16.1 ± 5.2 | 17.8 ± 5.2 | 0.25 |
| After SIIT | 11.5 ± 3.7∗∗ | 9.2 ± 2.1∗∗ | 12.5 ± 3.8∗∗ | 0.001 |
| HbA1c | ||||
| Before SIIT (%) | 10.4 ± 1.9 | 9.9 ± 1.5 | 10.6 ± 2.0 | 0.22 |
| (mmol/mol) | 92.4 ± 20.0 | 87.9 ± 16.5 | 94.6 ± 22.0 | |
| After SIIT (%) | 9.3 ± 1.5∗∗ | 8.7 ± 1.2∗ | 9.5 ± 1.6∗∗ | 0.07 |
| (mmol/mol) | 80.3 ± 16.5 ∗∗ | 74.1 ± 13.2 ∗ | 82.5 ± 17.6 ∗∗ | |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | ||||
| Before SIIT | 358.4 ± 91.7 | 400.7 ± 68.6 | 339.7 ± 95.2 | 0.15 |
| After SIIT | 355.9 ± 78.3 | 383.7 ± 55.8 | 343.6 ± 84.0 | 0.03 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | ||||
| Before SIIT | 5.5 ± 1.2 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 5.7 ± 1.3 | 0.27 |
| After SIIT | 5.3 ± 1.2 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 1.2 | 0.23 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | ||||
| Before SIIT | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 2.1 ± 1.5 | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 0.51 |
| After SIIT | 1.5 ± 0.6∗ | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.6∗ | 0.38 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) | ||||
| Before SIIT | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 0.15 |
| After SIIT | 1.2 ± 0.2∗ | 1.00 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.3∗ | <0.001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) | ||||
| Before SIIT | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 0.46 |
| After SIIT | 3.5 ± 0.9∗ | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 0.9∗ | 0.61 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | ||||
| Before SIIT | 26.6 ± 14.3 | 28.3 ± 9.8 | 25.8 ± 15.9 | 0.53 |
| After SIIT | 26.2 ± 17.2 | 25.5 ± 10.3 | 26. 6 ± 19.6 | 0.82 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | ||||
| Before SIIT | 22.7 ± 7.5 | 25.0 ± 7.2 | 21.7 ± 7.2 | 0.12 |
| After SIIT | 24.7 ± 8.8∗∗ | 24.6 ± 7.0 | 24.8 ± 9.5∗ | 0.93 |
| Fasting serum insulin (pmol/L) | ||||
| Before SIIT | 48.0 ± 32.4 | 60.1 ± 31.8 | 43.2 ± 31.8 | 0.06 |
| After SIIT | 39.0 ± 27.6∗∗ | 44.9 ± 28.2∗∗ | 36.6 ± 27.6∗ | 0.27 |
| Fasting C peptide (nmol/L) | ||||
| Before SIIT | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.001 |
| After SIIT | 0.7 ± 0.2∗∗ | 0. 8 ± 0.2∗∗ | 0.6 ± 0.2∗∗ | 0.01 |
| HOMA-B | ||||
| Before SIIT | 18.7 (9.6, 24.2) | 24.5 (16.1, 36.3) | 15.5 (6.7, 23.8) | 0.002 |
| After SIIT | 28.5 (18.6, 42.7)∗∗ | 49.9 (32.8, 64.9)∗∗ | 22.0 (16. 2, 32.7)∗∗ | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | ||||
| Before SIIT | 3.4 (2.2, 5.5) | 4.7 (2.4, 6.7) | 3.1 (2.1, 4.8) | 0.18 |
| After SIIT | 1.7 (1.2, 2.6)∗∗ | 1.8 (1.4, 2.4)∗∗ | 1.6 (1.2, 3.0)∗∗ | 0.77 |
| Acute insulin response (pmol/L·min) | ||||
| Before SIIT | −16.7 (−117.4, 52.4) | 16.7 ± 202.8 | −23.4 ± 129.0 | 0.35 |
| After SIIT | 178.7 (31.8, 390.7)∗∗ | 480.0 (395.4, 725.4)∗∗ | 69.4 (5.7, 188.7)∗∗ | <0.001 |
| △AIR | 264.5 ± 332.6 | 600.0 ± 390.6 | 116.0 ± 147.0 | <0.001 |
Group A: participants with acute insulin response (AIR) after SIIT ≥ 300 pmol/L·min. Group B: participants with AIR after SIIT < 300 pmol/L·min. ∗P < 0.05 compared with baseline. ∗∗P < 0.001 compared with baseline.