Table 3.

Estimated Mean Change in Total Expenditures Across Various Subgroups

Subgroups	n	12 months pre referral Meana	12 months post referral Meana	Change (post–pre) Mean diff.	Percent change (change/pre referral)	SE	P value
Medicare Advantage
All needs were met	740	$16,978	$18,652	$1674	9.8%	$950	0.08
No needs were met	905	$16,757	$17,842	$1085	6.5%	$1125	0.33
Between group difference		$221	$810	$589	3.3%	$1473	0.67
Medicaid Managed Care
All needs were met	781	$29,784	$23,130	−$6653	−22.3%	$1093	<0.0001
No needs were met	292	$19,140	$15,128	−$4012	−20.9%	$1435	0.005
Between group difference		$10,644	$8002	−$2641	−1.4%	$1804	0.14
Identified as High Risk
All needs were met	875	$31,050	$26,080	−$4969	−16%	$876	<0.0001
No needs were met	518	$24,702	$22,867	−$1835	−7.4%	$1572	0.24
Between group difference		$6347	$3213	−$3134	−8.6%	$1893	0.10
Not Identified as High Risk
All needs were met	646	$13,400	$14,005	$605	−4.5%	$964	0.53
No needs were met	679	$11,720	$12,842	$1122	−9.5%	$1095	0.31
Between group difference		$1680	$1163	−$516	−5.0%	$1459	0.72

^aMean and standard error (SE) were obtained from the generalized estimating equation model. Model adjusts for age, sex, race/ethnicity, state of residence, metropolitan status, and comorbidity.