Table 1.
Study Population: Demographic Characteristics
| Characteristic | Study Participants | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Native Americans of Full Southwestern Heritage | Native Americans of at Least Half Southwestern Heritage | |||||
| All Participantsa,b (n = 21) | Male (n = 13) | Female (n = 8) | All Participantsa,b (n = 35) | Male (n = 22) | Female (n = 13) | |
| Age, y | 30.0 ± 7.82 | 30.3 ± 8.13 | 31.1 ± 7.70 | 28.9 ± 7.5 | 28.9 ± 7.6 | 29.0 ± 7.5 |
| Body weight, kg | 94.6 ± 18.5 | 94.4 ± 16.8 | 95.1 ± 22.3 | 91.9 ± 18.0 | 93.6 ± 16.8 | 89.0 ± 20.3 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 34.7 ± 8.56 | 32.9 ± 9.22 | 37.7 ± 6.90 | 32.9 ± 7.7 | 31.8 ± 7.7 | 34.8 ± 7.6 |
| Body fat, % | 33.5 ± 8.45 | 28.1 ± 5.72 | 42.2 ± 2.71 | 32.6 ± 7.7 | 28.0 ± 5.4 | 40.4 ± 3.7 |
| Waist circumference, in. | 43.4 ± 5.77 | 41.8 ± 5.09 | 46.0 ± 6.16 | 42.2 ± 5.5 | 41.4 ± 5.0 | 43.4 ± 6.3 |
| FM, kg | 32.1 ± 11.4 | 27.2 ± 9.36 | 40.1 ± 10.1 | 30.3 ± 10.3 | 26.9 ± 9.0 | 36.2 ± 10.0 |
| FFM, kg | 62.5 ± 11.8 | 67.2 ± 8.48 | 54.9 ± 12.9 | 61.5 ± 11.7 | 66.7 ± 8.7 | 52.8 ± 11.0 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 87.3 ± 7.62 | 85.4 ± 7.88 | 90.4 ± 6.48 | 86.0 ± 9.0 | 83.6 ± 9.8 | 90.0 ± 6.0 |
| 2-h plasma glucose, mg/dL | 125.0 ± 22.7 | 120.1 ± 21.4 | 133.0 ± 23.9 | 118.0 ± 24.0 | 114.1 ± 22.6 | 124.6 ± 25.9 |
| Glucose tolerance statusc | ||||||
| Normal glucose regulation | 15 (71.4) | 11 (84.6) | 4 (50.0) | 28 (80.0) | 20 (90.9) | 8 (53.3) |
| Impaired glucose regulation | 6 (28.6) | 2 (15.4) | 4 (50.0) | 7 (20.0) | 2 (9.09) | 5 (46.7) |
| Energy intake, kcal/dd | 2344 ± 313 | 2423 ± 282 | 2217 ± 340 | 2282 ± 316.6 | 2383 ± 280 | 2113 ± 312.4 |
| 24-h respiratory quotient | 0.86 ± 0.03 | 0.86 ± 0.02 | 0.85 ± 0.03 | 0.86 ± 0.04 | 0.87 ± 0.03 | 0.84 ± 0.05 |
| 24-h carbohydrate oxidation, kcal/d | 1164 ± 253 | 1266 ± 172 | 976 ± 283 | 1121 ± 350 | 1276 ± 210 | 863 ± 391 |
| 24-h lipid oxidation, kcal/d | 859 ± 296 | 904 ± 284 | 777 ± 324 | 855 ± 342 | 835 ± 276 | 889 ± 442 |
| 24-h energy expenditure, kcal/d | 2389 ± 370 | 2560 ± 277 | 2112 ± 342 | 2345 ± 318 | 2474 ± 263 | 2127 ± 289 |
| Sleeping energy expenditure, kcal/d | 1790 ± 276 | 1883 ± 236 | 1646 ± 288 | 1750 ± 290 | 1834 ± 276 | 1605 ± 263 |
| Resting energy expenditure, kcal/d | 1790 ± 276 | 1891 ± 92 | 1627 ± 203 | 1812 ± 212 | 1896 ± 184 | 1655 ± 173 |
All data reported as frequency (percentage) or mean ± standard deviation. Native Americans of full and at least half Southwestern heritage were included in present analyses: in these individuals, Southwestern Native American heritage was of 8/8th vs ≥4/8th tribal descent by self-report, respectively.
Only healthy, nondiabetic (2-hour plasma glucose <200 mg/dL) individuals between 18 and 55 years old were included.
Maximum population size reported. Due to data availability, sample size may differ for certain measurements (see Supplemental Data).
For normal glucose regulation, fasting plasma glucose <100 mg/dL and 2-hour plasma glucose <140 mg/dL, and for impaired glucose regulation, fasting plasma glucose 100 to 126 mg/dL and/or 2-hour plasma glucose 140 to 199 mg/dL, in accordance with the American Diabetes Association guidelines (18).
Total energy intake during a 24-hour stay in a respiratory chamber. Meals served at 8 am, 11 am, 4 pm, and 7 pm. No difference in energy intake comparing Native Americans of full vs at least half Southwestern heritage (61.7 kcal/d, SE 87.1, P = 0.48).