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. 2017 Apr;14(4):584–588. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201611-922CC

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

As morphine reduces respiratory rate and prolongs time in expiration, end expiratory lung volume decreases and inspiratory capacity improves. The resulting increase in tidal volume improves gas exchange by decreasing the proportion of dead space ventilation, and at the same time it reduces dyspnea. (Blue lines) Before morphine administration. (Red lines) After morphine administration. FRC = functional residual volume; TLC = total lung capacity.