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. 2018 Nov 26;9:2718. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02718

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Copyright © 2018 Gubernatorova, Gorshkova, Namakanova, Zvartsev, Hidalgo, Drutskaya, Tumanov and Nedospasov.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of IL-6 driven pathways and cell types involved in the pathogenesis of allergen-induced asthma. Pathogenesis of asthma is based on several interrelated processes and molecular cascades. Eosinophilic (Th2-high) airway inflammation (central panel) is present in more than 50% of adults with asthma and arises after sensitization to allergen. Eosinophilic asthma is characterized by Th2 cell activation, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 production, high IgE levels and strong eosinophilia. Low-eosinophilic, neutrophil-predominant asthma (right panel) is less common, but often presents a more severe disease onset that does not respond to corticosteroid therapy. Airway hyper-responsiveness and remodeling (left panel) are the features present in all asthma subtypes.