Table 1.

Items on the CPPS, and mean scores for each of the treatment arms.

Scale	Item	Description	BPI	CBT	STPP
CBT	2	Therapist gives explicit advice or direct suggestions to the patient.	1.98 (1.66)	2.55 (1.78)	0.32 (0.59)
	3	Therapist actively initiates the topics of discussion and therapeutic activities.	3.65 (1.12)	3.91 (0.97)	1.92 (1.21)
	6	Therapist focuses discussion on the patient’s irrational or illogical belief systems.	0.75 (1.05)	2.30 (1.95)	0.37 (0.52)
	9	Therapist suggests specific activities or tasks (e.g. homework) for the patient to attempt outside of session.	0.47 (0.82)	2.35 (1.67)	0.04 (0.29)
	11	Therapist explains the rationale behind his or her technique or approach to treatment.	1.36 (1.13)	2.69 (1.52)	0.44 (0.81)
	12	Therapist focuses discussion on the patient’s future life situations.	1.24 (0.98)	1.41 (1.19)	0.94 (1.08)
	15	Therapist provides the patient with information and facts about his or her current symptoms, disorder, or treatment.	3.18 (1.65)	4.11 (1.52)	0.93 (0.97)
	17	Therapist explicitly suggests that the patient practice behavior(s) learned in therapy between sessions.	0.21 (0.66)	0.83 (1.19)	0.01 (0.08)
	18	Therapist teaches the patient specific techniques for coping with symptoms.	0.38 (1.05)	1.11 (1.30)	0.02 (0.10)
	20	Therapist interacts with the patient in a teacher-like (didactic) manner.	2.48 (1.66)	3.59 (1.43)	0.49 (0.73)
PI	1	Therapist encourages the exploration of feelings regarded by the patient as uncomfortable (e.g. anger, envy, excitement, sadness, or happiness)	1.23 (1.10)	1.56 (1.26)	3.00 (1.53)
	4	Therapist links the patient’s current feelings or perceptions to experiences of the past.	0.84 (1.09)	0.71 (1.07)	1.12 (1.05)
	5	Therapist focuses attention on similarities among the patient’s relationships repeated over time, settings, or people.	0.66 (0.79)	0.82 (1.03)	1.69 (1.29)
	7	Therapist focuses discussion on the relationship between the therapist and patient.	0.28 (0.55)	0.39 (0.67)	2.23 (1.88)
	8	Therapist encourages the patient to experience and express feelings in the session.	2.96 (1.28)	3.19 (1.41)	4.35 (1.43)
	10	Therapist addresses the patient’s avoidance of important topics and shifts in mood.	0.62 (0.89)	0.60 (0.86)	1.53 (1.45)
	13	Therapist suggests alternative ways to understand experiences or events not previously recognized by the patient.	2.42 (1.53)	2.63 (1.62)	4.41 (1.53)
	14	Therapist identifies recurrent patterns in patient’s actions, feelings, and experiences.	1.08 (1.07)	1.53 (1.30)	2.23 (1.47)
	16	Therapist allows the patient to initiate the discussion of significant issues, events, and experiences.	2.29 (1.08)	2.09 (0.97)	4.10 (1.16)
	19	Therapist encourages discussion of patient’s wishes, fantasies, dreams, or early childhood memories (positive or negative).	1.27 (1.35)	1.29 (1.25)	1.77 (1.28)

Note: CPPS (Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale); CB (Cognitive-Behavioural); PI (Psychodynamic-Interpersonal).