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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2018 Oct 1;65(11):2073–2085. doi: 10.1109/TUFFC.2018.2872727

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Representative shadowgraph images of histotripsy-induced (A) single-bubble (28 MPa P-), (B), multi-bubble (30 MPa P-), and (C) robust bubble clouds (63 MPa P-) in the free-field with no pre-focal aberration medium. Single-cycle shockwaves released by the expansion of cavitation bubbles are shown as circular rings centered about the cavitation bubble that generated them. In the single-bubble case, only one shockwave is visible. (D) A ring centered about the transducer focus (blue) at the radius of the front edge of the expansion shockwaves and a ring centered about the estimated focus of the front edge of the expansion shockwave (red) are overlaid onto the robust bubble cloud shadowgraph image in (C).