TABLE 5.
Average (%) yield gains GM IR cotton and maize 1996–2016.
| Maize insect resistance to corn boring pests | Maize insect resistance to rootworm pests | Cotton insect resistance | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US | 7.0 | 5.0 | 9.9 | Carpenter and Gianessi19 |
| Marra et al18 | ||||
| Sankala and Blumenthal7,8 | ||||
| Hutchison et al37 | ||||
| Rice38 | ||||
| Mullins and Hudson9 | ||||
| China | N/a | N/a | 10.0 | Pray et al39 |
| South Africa | 11.1 | N/a | 24.0 | Gouse et al40-42 |
| Van der Wald43 | ||||
| Ismael et al44 | ||||
| Kirsten et al45 | ||||
| James46 | ||||
| Honduras | 23.8 | N/a | N/a | Falk Zepeda et al47,48 |
| Mexico | N/a | N/a | 11.0 | Traxler and Godoy-Avila75 |
| Monsanto Mexico annual cotton monitoring reports | ||||
| Argentina | 6.0 | N/a | 30.0 | Trigo49 |
| Trigo and Cap13 | ||||
| Qaim and De Janvry50,51 | ||||
| Elena52 | ||||
| Philippines | 18.2 | N/a | N/a | Gonsales53 |
| Gonsales et al26 | ||||
| Yorobe54 | ||||
| Ramon55 | ||||
| Spain | 11.2 | N/a | N/a | Brookes56,57 |
| Gomez-Barbero, Barbel M A and Rodriguez-Corejo58 | ||||
| Riesgo et al59 | ||||
| Uruguay | 5.6 | N/a | N/a | As Argentina (no country-specific studies available and industry sources estimate similar impacts as in Argentina) |
| India | N/a | N/a | 30.0 | Bennett et al4 |
| IMRB5,6 | ||||
| Herring and Rao60 | ||||
| Colombia | 21.8 | N/a | 18.0 | Mendez et al25 |
| Zambrano et al61 | ||||
| Canada | 7.0 | 5.0 | N/a | As US (no country-specific studies available and industry sources estimate similar impacts as in the US) |
| Burkina Faso | N/a | N/a | 18.0 | Vitale J et al,62 Vitale J63 |
| Brazil | 11.8 | N/a | 1.3 | Galveo15–17,64 |
| Monsanto Brazil65 | ||||
| Pakistan | N/a | N/a | 21.0 | Nazli et al,66 Kouser and Qaim67,68 |
| Myanmar | N/a | N/a | 30.7 | USDA69 |
| Australia | N/a | N/a | Nil | Doyle70 |
| James71 | ||||
| CSIRO72 | ||||
| Fitt73 | ||||
| Paraguay | 5.5 | N/a | Not available | As Argentina (no country-specific studies available and industry sources estimate similar impacts as in Argentina) |
| Vietnam | 7.2 | N/a | N/a | Brookes27 |
Notes.
1. N/a = not applicable
2. Reference to Monsanto Mexico annual monitoring reports. These are unpublished, annual monitoring of crop reports that the company is required to submit to the Mexican Ministry of Agriculture, as part of post market monitoring requirements. This provides data on seed premia, cost of pest control and production and yields for GM IR cotton versus conventional to a regional level
6. GM IR maize performance in Uruguay and Paraguay. Industry sources consulted for using Argentina impact data as a suitable proxy for impact in these countries include Monsanto Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, Argenbio (Argentine Biotechnology Association) and Trigo E (Grupo CEO)