Table 3. Univariate analysis of hospitalization.

	Yes		No			Sum				Hospitalization rate
Variable	#	%	#		%	#		%		χ2	p
Predisposing factors
Gender										0	0.988
male	139	16.5	704		83.5	843		42.2
female	190	16.5	964		83.5	1154		57.8
Age group (years)										45.695	0.000
60–64	65	10.1	578		89.9	643		32.2
65–69	43	12.7	296		87.3	339		17.0
70–74	62	19.7	252		80.3	314		15.7
75–79	82	21.7	296		78.3	378		18.9
≥80	78	24.0	247		76.0	325		16.3
Marital status										6.929	0.031
widowed	88	20.4	343		79.6	431		21.6
divorced/single	6	11.8	45		88.2	51		2.6
married	233	15.4	1278		84.6	1511		75.8
Nationality										0.101	0.750
Han nationality	325	16.5	1650		83.5	1975		98.9
ethnic minority	4	19.0	17		81.0	21		1.1
Education level										6.761	0.080
illiterate	113	19.8	459		80.2	572		28.7
primary education	100	15.7	536		84.3	636		31.9
secondary education	97	14.4	575		85.6	672		33.7
higher education	19	16.7	95		83.3	114		5.7
Number of children										23.287	0.000
0	2	7.7	24		92.3	26		1.3
1 or 2	138	13.1	919		86.9	1057		53.1
3 or 4	156	20.6	602		79.4	758		38.1
5 or more	33	22.3	115		77.7	148		7.4
Living situation										4.021	0.134
living alone	39	14.1	238		85.9	277		14.0
living with spouse	160	15.8	850		84.2	1010		51.0
living with children	130	18.8	563		81.2	693		35.0
Healthy lifestyle
Smoking										18.085	0.000
never	264	16.9	1294		83.1	1558		77.9
at times	11	13.1	73		86.9	84		4.2
often	25	10.0	224		90.0	249		12.5
quit	30	27.5	79		72.5	109		5.5
Drinking										0.695	0.874
never	262	16.7	1305		83.3	1567		78.4
at times	23	15.3	127		84.7	150		7.5
often	7	13.0	47		87.0	54		2.7
quit	38	16.6	191		83.4	229		11.5
Enabling factors
Healthcare insurance										9.201	0.056
for urban employees	85	13.7	535		86.3	620		31.5
for urban and town residents	147	16.4	747		83.6	894		45.5
NRCMS	58	20.1	231		79.9	289		14.7
at own expenses	5	19.2	21		80.8	26		1.3
at public expense	30	21.9	107		78.1	137		7.0
Pension income level (RMB)										4.773	0.092
0–999	175	17.6	819		82.4	994		49.9
1000–1999	54	12.9	363		87.1	417		20.9
2000+	98	16.9	482		83.1	580		29.1
Source of income										8.111	0.044
pension	278	16.4	1416		83.6	1694		86.1
work or savings	18	12.5	126		87.5	144		7.3
family	16	28.6	40		71.4	56		2.8
others	10	13.5	64		86.5	74		3.8
Location										13.186	0.001
city center	122	16.0	642		84.0	764		38.2
inner suburbs	118	14.2	714		85.8	832		41.6
outer suburbs	90	22.3	314		77.7	404		20.2
Need factors
Self-reported health status										116.472	0.000
good	83	9.3	805		90.7	888		44.5
normal	151	17.7	703		82.3	854		42.8
poor	96	37.6	159		62.4	255		12.8
Sensation disorders										33.141	0.000
no	136	12.2	976		87.8	1112		55.6
yes	194	21.8	694		78.2	888		44.4
Feeling lonely										25.467	0.000
never	244	14.7	1415		85.3	1659		83.0
sometimes	72	27.0	195		73.0	267		13.4
always	14	19.2	59		80.8	73		3.7
Feeling nervous										28.928	0.000
never	267	15.0	1516		85.0	1783		89.2
sometimes	50	28.6	125		71.4	175		8.8
always	13	32.5	27		67.5	40		2.0
Life satisfaction										23.205	0.000
good	162	14.8	930		85.2	1092		54.7
fair	133	16.6	670		83.4	803		40.2
poor	34	33.3	68		66.7	102		5.1
ADLs
independent	308	15.7	1655		84.3	1963		98.2		50.496	0.000
dependent for > = 1 activity	22	59.5	15		40.5	37		1.8
Physical health change										105.729	0.000
better	33	33.3	66		66.7	99		5.0
unchanged	130	10.2	1147		89.8	1277		64.0
worse	158	27.1	424		72.9	582		29.2
unstable	7	18.9	30		81.1	37		1.9
With chronic disease										42.198	0.000
no	30	6.6	426		93.4	456		22.8
yes	300	19.4	1244		80.6	1544		77.2
Disease states
Hypertension										7.932	0.005
yes	192	18.8	830		81.2	1022		51.1
no	138	14.1	840		85.9	978		48.9
Heart diseases										41.326	0.000
yes	116	26.6	320		73.4	436		21.8
no	214	13.7	1350		86.3	1564		78.2
Diabetes										4.321	0.038
yes	60	20.7	230		79.3	290		14.5
no	270	15.8	1440		84.2	1710		85.5
Cataracts										9.33	0.002
yes	43	24.7	131		75.3	174		8.7
no	287	15.7	1539		84.3	1826		91.3
Cerebrovascular disease										155.849	0.000
yes	79	53.0	70		47.0	149		7.4
no	251	13.6	1600		86.4	1851		92.6
Bronchitis										34.634	0.000
yes	43	35.8	77		64.2	120		6.0
no	287	15.3	1593		84.7	1880		94.0
Gastroenteritis										5.958	0.015
yes	28	24.8	85		75.2	113		5.65
no	302	16.0	1585		84.0	1887		94.35
Number of chronic diseases/person										124.714	0.000
0	30	6.6	426		93.4	456		22.8
1	78	11.6	597		88.4	675		33.8
2	89	20.4	347		79.6	436		21.8
3	64	25.5	187		74.5	251		12.6
4 or more	69	37.9	113		62.1	182		9.1
Two-week outpatient visit										29.384	0.000
yes	98	25.8	282		74.2	380		19.0
no	232	14.3	1388		85.7	1620		81.0
Contextual factors
Regional economic level										20.933	0.000
good	134	13.0	896		87.0	1030		51.5
middle	106	18.7	460		81.3	566		28.3
poor	90	22.3	314		77.7	404		20.2
Outdoor activities										12.205	0.000
with	163	14.0	1003		86.0	1166		58.4
without	165	19.9	666		80.1	831		41.6
Seeing children										3.386	0.495
every day	208	16.2	1075		83.8	1283		65.2
every week	72	17.6	338		82.4	410		20.8
every month	29	14.9	165		85.1	194		9.9
every year	15	22.7	51		77.3	66		3.4
<1 time/year	4	25.0	12		75.0	16		0.8
Contact with neighbors										7.564	0.056
every week	286	15.9	1510		84.1	1796		89.8
every month	15	19.7	61		80.3	76		3.8
every year	6	37.5	10		62.5	16		0.8
almost never	23	20.7	88		79.3	111		5.6
Gathering w/relatives										12.649	0.005
every week	61	13.6	387		86.4	448		22.4
every month	43	13.8	269		86.2	312		15.6
every year	145	16.6	727		83.4	872		43.6
almost never	81	22.1	286		77.9	367		18.4
Community activities										6.254	0.100
every week	40	13.2	262		86.8	302		15.2
every month	24	15.5	131		84.5	155		7.8
every year	27	13.0	181		87.0	208		10.4
almost never	238	17.9	1090		82.1	1328		66.6
Volunteer activities										1.967	0.161
yes	35	13.5	224		86.5	259		13.0
no	294	17.0	1437		83.0	1731		87.0