Table 2. The clinical characteristics of the participants stratified by NC, MCI and dementia.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 102) |
NC (n = 35) |
MCI (n = 36) |
Dementia (n = 31) |
χ2 (df = 2) |
Pairwise comparison a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qmci-TW | 42.80 ± 21.84 | 64.06 ± 8.43 | 43.13 ± 14.71 | 18.44 ± 11.48 | 71.19** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Orientation | 7.79 ± 2.83 | 9.97 ± 0.17 | 8.39 ± 1.90 | 4.65 ± 2.54 | 62.32** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Registration | 3.58 ± 1.21 | 4.49 ± 0.56 | 3.64 ± 0.72 | 2.48 ± 1.31 | 49.01** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Clock drawing | 8.87 ± 5.59 | 13.14 ± 2.80 | 9.17 ± 4.77 | 3.71 ± 4.56 | 47.42** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Delayed recall | 10.16 ± 8.01 | 17.49 ± 3.08 | 10.00 ± 7.06 | 2.06 ± 4.11 | 57.58** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Verbal fluency | 6.20 ± 2.76 | 8.37 ± 2.07 | 6.38 ± 1.94 | 3.53 ± 1.89 | 53.25** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Logical memory | 6.20 ± 5.12 | 10.57 ± 4.27 | 5.56 ± 4.23 | 2.00 ± 2.37 | 52.19** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| MoCA | 16.75 ± 7.81 | 24.51 ± 2.47 | 16.61 ± 5.05 | 8.13 ± 4.65 | 70.04** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Visuospatial and executive function | 2.58 ± 1.60 | 3.91 ± 1.20 | 2.50 ± 1.34 | 1.16 ± 0.86 | 49.10** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Naming | 1.90 ± 1.17 | 2.71 ± 0.52 | 1.92 ± 1.08 | 0.97 ± 1.11 | 35.09** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Memory | 1.55 ± 0.61 | 1.89 ± 0.32 | 1.61 ± 0.55 | 1.10 ± 0.65 | 28.68** | 1 > 3, 2 > 3 |
| Attention | 0.65 ± 0.48 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 0.69 ± 0.47 | 0.19 ± 0.40 | 46.90** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Calculation | 2.23 ± 0.98 | 2.97 ± 0.17 | 2.33 ± 0.72 | 1.26 ± 1.00 | 50.42** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Repetition | 0.77 ± 0.80 | 1.37 ± 0.73 | 0.67 ± 0.72 | 0.23 ± 0.43 | 34.45** | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 |
| Verbal fluency | 0.48 ± 0.50 | 0.94 ± 0.24 | 0.39 ± 0.49 | 0.06 ± 0.25 | 52.16** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Abstraction | 0.37 ± 0.60 | 0.83 ± 0.71 | 0.19 ± 0.40 | 0.06 ± 0.25 | 31.95** | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 |
| Delayed recall | 1.06 ± 1.41 | 2.23 ± 1.42 | 0.78 ± 1.17 | 0.06 ± 0.25 | 44.63** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Orientation | 4.32 ± 2.05 | 5.91 ± 0.28 | 4.69 ± 1.49 | 2.10 ± 1.78 | 59.16** | 1 > 2, 1 > 3 |
| MMSE | 22.68 ± 6.36 | 28.29 ± 1.18 | 23.61 ± 4.02 | 15.26 ± 4.58 | 75.20** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Orientation to time | 3.57 ± 1.73 | 4.91 ± 0.28 | 3.94 ± 1.15 | 1.61 ± 1.48 | 61.08** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Orientation to place | 3.83 ± 1.61 | 4.94 ± 0.24 | 4.17 ± 1.21 | 2.19 ± 1.60 | 58.35** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Registration | 2.98 ± 0.14 | 3.00 ± 0.00 | 2.97 ± 0.17 | 2.97 ± 0.18 | 1.07 | |
| Calculation | 3.28 ± 1.78 | 4.66 ± 0.54 | 3.42 ± 1.46 | 1.58 ± 1.61 | 45.70** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Recall | 1.42 ± 1.14 | 2.03 ± 0.89 | 1.47 ± 1.11 | 0.68 ± 1.01 | 23.49** | 1 > 3, 2 > 3 |
| Naming | 1.98 ± 0.14 | 2.00 ± 0.00 | 2.00 ± 0.00 | 1.94 ± 0.25 | 4.63 | |
| Repetition | 0.91 ± 0.29 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 0.92 ± 0.28 | 0.81 ± 0.40 | 7.60* | 1 > 3 |
| Reading comprehension | 0.76 ± 0.43 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 0.81 ± 0.40 | 0.45 ± 0.51 | 27.72** | 1 > 3, 2 > 3 |
| Writing | 0.67 ± 0.47 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 0.69 ± 0.47 | 0.26 ± 0.45 | 40.51** | 1 > 2 > 3 |
| Verbal comprehension and executive function | 2.80 ± 0.58 | 3.00 ± 0.00 | 2.78 ± 0.59 | 2.61 ± 0.80 | 8.34* | 1 > 3 |
| Construction | 0.48 ± 0.50 | 0.74 ± 0.44 | 0.50 ± 0.51 | 0.16 ± 0.37 | 22.14** | 1 > 3, 2 > 3 |
| Barthel Index | 19.25 ± 2.32 | 19.89 ± 0.47 | 19.94 ± 0.33 | 17.74 ± 3.79 | 27.32** | 1 > 3, 2 > 3 |
| Lawton IADL scale | 5.82 ± 2.41 | 7.54 ± 0.89 | 6.69 ± 1.28 | 2.87 ± 1.84 | 64.90** | 1 > 3, 2 > 3 |
The listed statistics were mean ± standard deviation (SD).
Abbreviations: NC, Normal control; MCI, Mild cognitive impairment; Qmci-TW, Taiwan version of the Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment screen; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; and Lawton IADL scale, Lawton Instrument Activities of Daily Living scale.
a1: Normal control group; 2: Mild cognitive impairment group; and 3: Dementia group.
*p < 0.05.
**p < 0.001.