Table 3.
Comparison of Cadmium contamination (μg/L) in different subgroups
| Variable | Number | Mean ± SD | Mean Rank | *p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth Route | ||||
| Cesarian | 54 | 5.43 ± 2.39 | 46.40 | |
| Vaginal | 46 | 11.0 ± 22.5 | 55.32 | 0.117 |
| Baby’s Gender | ||||
| Boy | 53 | 6.08 ± 4.42 | 49.70 | |
| Girl | 47 | 10.2 ± 22.1 | 51.40 | 0.764 |
| Baby Born on time | 78 | 8.00 ± 16.8 | 50.90 | |
| Baby born more than 10 days sooner than expected | 22 | 8.05 ± 9.99 | 49.07 | 0.788 |
| First Pregnancy | 89 | 8.33 ± 16.4 | 51.08 | |
| Not first pregnancy | 11 | 5.45 ± 2.94 | 45.77 | 0.557 |
| Diet | ||||
| More fruits and vegetables than meat | 39 | 6.08 ± 4.10 | 47.99 | |
| More meat than vegetables | 31 | 12.23 ± 27.14 | 52.81 | |
| Both almost equally | 30 | 6.17 ± 3.35 | 51.38 | 0.763 |
| Number of serves of beef a week | ||||
| Less than 2 | 60 | 6.10 ± 3.94 | 49.31 | |
| 2 or more | 40 | 10.9 ± 24.0 | 52.29 | 0.606 |
| Number of serves of chicken a week | ||||
| Less than 2 | 32 | 11.1 ± 25.8 | 54.36 | |
| 2 or more | 68 | 6.54 ± 6.40 | 48.68 | 0.350 |
| Number of serves of fish a week | ||||
| Less than 2 | 74 | 8.4 ± 17.7 | 50.34 | |
| 2 or more | 26 | 6.96 ± 6.10 | 50.96 | 0.923 |
| Number of serves of yoghurt a day | ||||
| Less than once a day | 19 | 5.42 ± 2.27 | 48.16 | |
| Everyday or more | 81 | 8.6 ± 17.2 | 51.05 | 0.689 |
| Number of serves of lamb a week | ||||
| Less than 3 | 55 | 6.55 ± 5.84 | 50.13 | |
| 3 or more | 45 | 9.8 ± 22.2 | 50.96 | 0.884 |
| Number of serves of eggs a week | ||||
| Less than 2 | 42 | 10.3 ± 22.8 | 54.43 | |
| 2 or more | 58 | 6.36 ± 6.14 | 47.66 | 0.238 |
| Number of serves of cheese a week | ||||
| Less than 4 | 42 | 6.45 ± 4.16 | 52.21 | |
| 4 or more | 58 | 9.1 ± 20.1 | 49.26 | 0.607 |
| Number of serves of milk a day | ||||
| Less than once a day | 76 | 6.68 ± 5.96 | 51.53 | |
| Everyday or more | 24 | 12.2 ± 30.0 | 47.23 | 0.516 |
| Do you get fat off meat before eating? | ||||
| Never, Rarely | 49 | 7.16 ± 7.32 | 50.22 | |
| Sometimes | 12 | 4.25 ± 1.48 | 32.67 | |
| Always, Usually | 39 | 10.23 ± 23.44 | 56.33 | 0.040* |
| Do you wash fruits and vegetables before eating? | ||||
| Sometimes, Usually | 7 | 5.29 ± 0.76 | 45.50 | |
| Always | 93 | 8.2 ± 16.1 | 50.88 | 0.624 |
| Do you peel fruits and vegetables before eating? | ||||
| Never, Rarely | 9 | 7.00 ± 3.71 | 59.06 | |
| Sometimes | 24 | 5.58 ± 3.17 | 45.40 | |
| Always, Usually | 67 | 9.01 ± 18.79 | 51.18 | 0.441 |
| Mother’s Education | ||||
| Under High School | 11 | 4.82 ± 2.86 | 40.32 | |
| High School or Diploma | 56 | 6.09 ± 4.49 | 48.59 | |
| University | 33 | 12.33 ± 26.06 | 57.14 | 0.175 |
| Mother’s Employment | ||||
| Working | 27 | 6.15 ± 3.25 | 50.85 | |
| Unemployed | 73 | 8.7 ± 18.1 | 50.37 | 0.940 |
| Exposed to passive smoking at home | ||||
| Yes | 13 | 5.23 ± 3.56 | 38.46 | |
| No | 87 | 8.4 ± 16.6 | 52.30 | 0.100 |
*according to non-parametric tests