Table 2.

Tests of measurement invariance across gender and age.

Model	χ2	df	Δdf	TLI	CFI	ΔCFI	RMSEA	90% CI	ΔRMSEA
GENDER†
STATE
Single-group solutions
Male (n = 1,316)	1011.724∗	188		0.957	0.962		0.058	0.054–0.061
Female (n = 1,667)	1468.362∗	188		0.941	0.947		0.064	0.061–0.067
Configural	2497.532∗	376		0.948	0.953		0.062	0.059–0.064
Metric	2560.230∗	394	18	0.949	0.953	0.000	0.061	0.058–0.063	-0.001
Scalar	2380.610∗	439	45	0.959	0.957	-0.004	0.054	0.052–0.057	-0.007
TRAIT
Single-group solutions
Male (n = 1,316)	1133.253∗	188		0.943	0.949		0.062	0.058–0.065
Female (n = 1,667)	1573.278∗	188		0.927	0.934		0.067	0.064–0.070
Configural	2719.534∗	376		0.933	0.940		0.065	0.062–0.067
Metric	2841.328∗	394	18	0.934	0.938	-0.002	0.065	0.062–0.067	0.000
Scalar	2789.981∗	439	45	0.943	0.940	0.002	0.060	0.058–0.062	0.005
AGE‡
STATE
Single-group solutions
Age 18–25 (n = 1,556)	1306.368∗	188		0.949	0.954		0.062	0.059–0.065
Age 26–50 (n = 675)	600.368∗	188		0.956	0.961		0.057	0.052–0.062
Age 51–99 (n = 742)	713.986∗	188		0.951	0.956		0.061	0.057–0.066
Configural	2606.486∗	564		0.949	0.954		0.060	0.058–0.063
Metric	2904.808∗	664	100	0.952	0.950	0.004	0.058	0.056–0.061	0.002
Scalar	2674.628∗	711	47	0.961	0.956	-0.006	0.053	0.051–0.055	-0.005
TRAIT
Single-group solutions
Age 18–25 (n = 1,556)	1557.729∗	188		0.924	0.932		0.068	0.065–0.072
Age 26–50 (n = 675)	589.854∗	188		0.949	0.954		0.056	0.051–0.061
Age 51–99 (n = 742)	604.609∗	188		0.958	0.962		0.055	0.050–0.060
Configural	2745.246∗	564		0.937	0.944		0.062	0.060–0.065
Metric	3377.579∗	664	100	0.934	0.930	0.014	0.064	0.062–0.066	0.002
Scalar	4015.815∗	711	47	0.925	0.915	0.015	0.068	0.066–0.071	0.004

df, degrees of freedom; TLI, tucker lewis index; CFI, comparative fit index; RMSEA, root-mean-square error of approximation; 90% CI = 90% confidence interval of RMSEA.

^∗p < 0.001.

^†N = 2,983.

^‡N = 2,974, from the total sample we excluded nine cases with missing values in age variable.