Table 1.
Studies examining human pupil responses with silent substitution.
| References | Number of primaries | Primary wavelengths [nm] | Viewing geometry | Field size | Modulations [max. contrast] | Background light level | N observers | Temporal properties | Spectral sensitivities assumed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsujimura et al. (20) | 4 | 470, 500, 525, 615 nm ± 20–36 nm | Diffusing screen in front of integrating sphere | 20° field size | Melanopsin [−53%] Luminance [−53%] Isochromatic [−53%] |
301 cd/m2 to 642 cd/m2 to 982 cd/m2 | 6 | 10 min stimuli 5 min background |
Cones: CIEPO2006 Melanopsin: Dartnall nomogram at 482 nm Assumes macular and lens filtering from CIEPO2006 Optical density 0.5 |
| Viénot et al. (21) | 5 | 473 ± 25 nm 511 ± 33 nm 530 ± 36 nm 595 ± 15 nm 627 ± 20 nm |
Light booth with white paint | Ganzfeld | Melanopsin-only (cone and rod silent) [3.4%] Multiple mixed modulations |
35 cd/m2 | 10 | Measurement after 1 min of continuous exposure | Cones: CIEPO2006 Rods: V'(λ) Melanopsin: Stockman-Sharpe shifted to peak at 482 nm; optical density 0.1; lens from Stockman & Sharpe |
| Tsijumura and Tokuda, (22) | 4 | 468, 524, 599, and 633 nm (test) 466 nm, 500 nm, 517 nm, 596 nm (background) ±15–38 nm |
Diffusing screen in front of integrating sphere | Annulus id 5 od 18° Total field 23° |
8% | 612 cd/m2 background1,109 cd/m2 test field | 6 | Sinusoidal & square wave stimuli | Cones: CIEPO2006, 10° Melanopsin: Dartnall nomogram at 480 nm Assumes macular and lens filtering from CIEPO2006 Optical density 0.4 |
| Spitschan et al. (16) | 128 | n/a | Viewing of surface through lens | 27.5° circular, central 5° blocked | S, (L+M), melanopsin, (L+M+melanopsin) [50%] | 382–1,033 cd/m2 | 16 | Sinusoidal, 0.01 – 2 Hz | 10° Stockman–Sharpe/CIE cone fundamentals, melanopsin estimated by shifting Stockman-Sharpe nomogram to λmax = 480 nm, corrected for prereceptoral filtering (same as cones, optical density 0.3). |
| Barrionuevo et al. (23) | 4 | 442, 516, 594, and 634 nm (one set) 466, 514, 590, and 634 nm (second set) |
Ganzfeld | 54° field | Mixed joint modulations, no melanopsin-isolaing modulation | 0.002–100 cd/m2 | 3 (authors) | Sinusoidal, 0.5–8 Hz | Smith–Pokorny cone fundamentals Enezi et al. melanopsin function |
| Cao et al. (25) | 5 | 456, 488, 540, 592, 633 | Maxwellian view | 30° circular, central 10.5° blocked | Experiment 1: S, M, L, Rod, Melanopsin [16%] Experiment 2: CSF |
Experiment 1: 200 Photopic Td Experiment 2: 2,000 Photopic Td |
3 | Sinusoidal, 1 Hz | Smith–Pokorny cone fundamentals applied for the CIE 1964 10° Standard Observer CIE 1951 scotopic luminosity function Enezi et al. melanopsin function |
| Barrionuevo and Cao, (24) | 5 | 456, 488, 540, 592, 633 | Maxwellian view | 30° circular, central 10.5° blocked | Experiment 1: S, M, L, Rods, Melanopsin, (L+M+S) [17%], red-green [4% M,−4% L] Experiment 2: LMS [17% each], L+M [17% each], LMS + melanopsin [16% each], Rods + melanopsin [9% each], S + melanopsin [16% each], red-green + melanopsin [2% M,−2% L, 8% melanopsin] |
2–20,000 Photopic Td | 3 (2 authors) | Sinusoidal, 1 Hz | Smith–Pokorny cone fundamentals applied for the CIE 1964 10° Standard Observer CIE 1951 scotopic luminosity function Enezi et al. melanopsin function |
| Spitschan et al. (28) | 56 | n/a | Viewing of surface through lens | 64° circular, central 5° blocked | 25–400% | 100–200 cd/m2 | 4 | Tapered pulses (3 s, 14–16 s ISI) | CIE 2006 parametric model |
| Woelders et al. (17) | 5 | 465, 500, 515, 595 | Diffusing screen in front of LEDs | 24.68° horizontal, 12.13° vertical | S, M, L, Melanopsin [23%] | Background or average of 8.5 melanopic lux | 16 | Square-wave (0.25–4 Hz) | α-opic lux (Lucas et al.): Govardovski nomograms, λmax from Dartnall, optical densities 0.3, 0.38, 0.38 (S, M, L) |
| Murray et al. (27) | 4 | 460, 524, 590, 635 | Ganzfeld | Central 7° of surface covered with disk of no reflective black material. | L, M, (L+M+S) [11% Weber] | 17 cd/m2 | 5 | Square-wave (1 s increment/ decrement followed by ISI of 2 s) |
Stockman Sharpe cone fundamentals |
| Zele et al. (26) | 5 | 456, 488, 540, 592, 633 | Maxwellian view | 30° circular, central 10.5° blocked | Color:[7%, 22% or 24% Weber] CFF and pupil: (L+M), S, melanopsin [17% Michelson] |
2,000 photopic Td (detection thresholds and pupil) 200–5,000 Td (CFF) |
4 (2 authors) | Pupil: 1 Hz sinusoidal | Smith–Pokorny cone fundamentals applied for the CIE 1964 108 Standard Observer CIE 1951 scotopic luminosity function Enezi et al. melanopsin function |