Table 1.
Main characteristics and main outcomes of the included studies.
| ID | Treatment | Control | Headache type | Sample size (% W) | Age | Baseline HA freq—FU freq | % reduction (sig.) | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Powers et al. (12) | CBT + Amitriptyline | Headache education + Amitriptyline | CM | 135 (80%) | 14.4 | 21.4–6 | −71.9%(**) | CBT determined significant reduction in headache frequency and improvements in migraine-related disability. |
| Rapoff et al. (13) | CBT | Medical therapy (as prescribed for usual clinical practice) | EM | 35 (88%) | 10.2 | 13.7–7.1 | −48.2% (ns) | CBT determined improvements in post-intervention headache severity and in 3-months post-intervention QoL. |
| Hickman et al. (14) | CBT | Headache education | CH | 36 (81.2%) | 15.1 | nr—nr | CBT determined significant improvements in headache disability, anxiety, depression and healthy lifestyle beliefs. | |
| Law et al. (15) | Internet-delivered CBT | Specialized headache treatment (medical, physical, psychological) | Mixed (EM, TTH, both, other) | 83 (81.9%) | 14.5 | 24–15.4 | −35.8% (**) | CBT determined significant headache reduction and improvements on headache pain intensity, activity limitations, depressive symptoms and parent protective behaviors. |
| Sharma et al. (16) | CBT | Medical therapy (as prescribed for usual clinical practice) | Mixed (Primary headache) | 63 (47.6%) | 13.91 | nr—nr | CBT determined significant improvements on headache severity, clinician-rated overall anxiety and state and trait anxiety. | |
| Tornoe and Skov (17) | BFB + RT | NA | Mixed (TTH/CTTH) | 9 (88.9%) | 10.9 | 19.1–11.1 | −41.88% (*) | BFB determined significant headache frequency reduction. |
| Blume et al. (18) | BFB | NA | Mixed (Primary headache) | 132 (69.7%) | 13.4 | 14–8 | −42.9% (**) | BFB determined improvements in headache frequency and severity. |
| Shiri et al. (19) | BFB | NA | Mixed (CTTH, CM) | 10 (30%) | 13.4 | 17—nr | BFB significantly improved ratings of pain, daily functioning and quality of life. | |
| Hesse et al. (20) | Mind | NA | Recurrent head | 15 (100%) | 14.15 | 4.6—nr | Mindfulness determined improvements in depression symptoms, pain acceptance and in parents-rated physical health-related quality of life. | |
| Irwin et al. (21) | TMS | NA | CM | 12 (66.7%) | 15 | 13.3–8.8 | −33.8% (*) | TMS determined improvements in headache frequency, acute medication use and headache-related disability. |
| Prezekop et al. (22) | Multimodal treatment | Medical prophylaxis (Amitriptyline or Gabapentin) | CTTH | 83 (80.7%) | 15.7 | 22.3–4.9 | −78% (**) | Multimodal treatment determined improvements in headache frequency, pain intensity, general health, pain restriction and number of bilateral tender points. |
Significance was reported as
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.001; ns, not significant; nr, not reported.