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. 2018 Nov 27;5:316. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00316

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Copyright © 2018 Bennett, Reeves, Billman and Sturmberg.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Depending upon the cytokine milieu present at the time of antigen presentation (signal 1) and costimulation (signal 2), three T cell polarization pathways can develop. IFN-γ supports T_H1 deviation that mediates macrophage-mediated reactions. IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 create a T_H2 environment that drives eosinophil and IgE production. IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 provide aT_H17 environment driving neutrophilic and some autoimmune phenomena. PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern; TLR, toll-like receptor; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; TCR, T cell receptor; IFN- γ, interferon-gamma; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgE, immunoglobulin E; IL-4, interleukin-4; IL-5, interleukin-5; IL-13, interleukin-13; IL-17A, interleukin-17A; IL-17F, interleukin-17F; IL-22, interleukin-22.