Table 1.
(Adhesion) molecules, cytokines and chemokines involved in different stages of the neutrophil recruitment in cremaster, lung, liver, kidney, and aorta.
| Tethering/rolling | Arrest/adhesion | Crawling | Transmigration | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organ/Vessel | EC | Neutrophil | References | EC | Neutrophil | References | EC | Neutrophil | References | EC | Neutrophil | References |
| Cremaster recruitment | P-selectin | PSGL-1 | (36) | ICAM-1 | (Mac, −1), LFA-1 | (51) | ICAM-1 | Mac-1, (LFA-1), fibrinogen | (51) | VE-cadherin–VE-PTP* | - | (65) |
| E-selectin | PSGL-1, ESL-1, CD44 | (37) | ICAM-2 | Mac-1, LFA-1 | (53) | PECAM-1–CD99 * | - | (86) | ||||
| JAM- C | - | (75, 173) | ||||||||||
| Lung | P-selectin** | β2-integrin | (174, 175, 176, 177) | L-selectin | LFA-1 | (178, 179) | ||||||
| E-selectin** | β2-integrin, PSGL-1 | (174, 180, 175, 176, 177) | Cx43 (indirectly) | - | (181) | |||||||
| L-selectin** | ? | (175, 180) | ||||||||||
| Liver–Sinusoids Sepsis and endotoxemia |
In sinusoids selectin-independent | (182, 183) | HA** | CD44 | (184) | ? | ? | - | ? | ? | - | |
| Liver–Sinusoids Sterile inflammation | In sinusoids selectin-independent | (182, 183) | ICAM-1*** | Mac-1 | (145, 185) | CXCL1 CXCL2 *** | - | (186) | - | FPR1 | (186) | |
| Platelets *** | Mac-1 | (145, 186) | ||||||||||
| - | FPR1 | (186) | ||||||||||
| Kidney | P-selectin | PSGL-1 | (187) | Cytokines | - | (188) | VAP-1 (by pericytes) | - | (189) | |||
| Peritubular capillaries | E-selectin | β2-integrin | (187) | |||||||||
| CD44 | HA | (190, 188) | ||||||||||
| Kidney Glomeruli |
Does not occur | (191) | ICAM-1 | Mac-1, β2-integrin | (192, 191) | |||||||
| P-selectin (via platelets) | PSGL-1 | (191–193) | ||||||||||
| Aorta | P-selectin | PSGL-1 | (194–196) | ICAM-1, ICAM-2 | β2-integrin | (194, 195, 197) | JAM-A | - | (198) | |||
| E-selectin | ? | (194) | CCR1***, CCR2, CCR5***, CXCR2 | CCL5 | (9) | |||||||
| CCR2 | CCL2 | (199) | ||||||||||
| CatG*** | - | (10) | ||||||||||
| CRAMP | FPR | (200) | ||||||||||
The classical cascade applies to neutrophils extravasating in post-capillary venules, whereas in other organs the extravasation can take place in different vessels. Additionally, some stages of the classical cascade are not present, not yet studied in detail or deviate from the classical cascade. Owing to the complexity of the extravasation process, the list is not exhaustive but represents the (adhesion) molecules, cytokines and chemokines addressed in this review “?” indicates unknown data. CatG, Cathepsin G; CCL, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; CRAMP, Cathelicidin related antimicrobial polypeptide; Cx43, Connexin 43; CXCL, Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; EC, Endothelial cell; ESL-1, E-selectin-ligand-1; FPR, Formyl peptide receptor; HA, Hyaluronic acid; ICAM, Intercellular adhesion molecule; JAM, Junctional adhesion molecule; LFA-1, Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1; Mac-1, Macrophage-1 antigen; PECAM, Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1; PSGL-1, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1; Ref, Reference; VAP-1, Vascular adhesion protein-1; VE-cadherin, Vascular endothelial cadherin; VE-PTP, Vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphate.
ECs-ECs interaction
Stimulus dependent
Artery specific.