Table 3.
The difference between baseline and end point of all treatment outcomes.
| Mean(SD) CI | P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assessment levels | Betahistine (n = 13) | Metformin (n = 25) | Placebo (n = 29) | ANCOVAa | Partial η2 | Betahistine vs. Metformin | Betahistine vs. Placebo | Metformin vs. Placebo |
| Body weight, kg | −1.00 ± 2.81 (−2.70, 0.70) | −3.80 ± 1.71 (−4.51, −3.10) | 3.29 ± 1.92 (2.56, 4.02) | < 0.001 | 0.752 | 0.002 | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | −0.82 ± 4.21 (−3.37, 1.72) | −1.52 ± 0.07 (−1.55, −1.50) | 2.29 ± 1.58 (1.68, 2.89) | < 0.001 | 0.628 | 0.058 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| BMI | −0.33 ± 0.96 (−0.91, 0.26) | −1.46 ± 0.70 (−1.75, −1.17) | 1.27 ± 0.77 (0.97, 1.56) | < 0.001 | 0.743 | < 0.001 | 0.009 | < 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | −0.013 ± 0.46 (−0.29, 0.26) | −0.81 ± 0.81 (−1.14, −0.48) | −0.05 ± 0.16 (−0.11, 0.01) | < 0.001 | 0.575 | < 0.001 | 0.942 | < 0.001 |
| Insulin, mIU/L | −8.00 ± 14.93 (−17.02, 1.03) | −15.34 ± 5.57 (−17.64, −13.05) | 2.22 ± 3.12 (1.04, 3.41) | < 0.001 | 0.741 | 0.002 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| IRI | −1.40 ± 3.12 (−3.28, 0.49) | −4.30 ± 2.02 (−5.14, −3.47) | 0.45 ± 0.86 (0.13, 0.78) | < 0.001 | 0.742 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; BMI, body mass index, which is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; IRI, insulin resistance index, which is calculated as insulin level (mIU/L) × fasting glucose (mmol/L)/22.5.
SI conversions: To convert glucose from mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555; insulin from μIU/mL to pmol/L, multiply by a 6.945.
a
P-value for the omnibus analysis testing for overall differences between the three groups on the continuous variables is based primarily on ANCOVA with baseline levels of the variables as covariates. When the overall omnibus analysis P-value was significant, the pair-wise comparisons were performed.