Table 1.

Glial sources and targets of the interleukin-10 (IL-10) family within the brain.

IL-10 family member	CNS cellular source	Inducers of expression	CNS cellular target	Receptor subunits	Decoy receptor
IL-10	Microglia Astrocytes	Neisseria meningitidis Borrelia burgdorferi LPS TLR3 ligand IL-6 TNF-α Adenosine Glutamate	Microglia Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes	IL-10R1/IL-10R2 IL-10R1/IL-10R2 IL-10R1
IL-19	Microglia Astrocytes	Staphylococcus aureus Neisseria meningitidis Streptococcus pneumoniae Parasitic nematode Gamma radiation LPS TLR5 ligand	Microglia Astrocytes	IL-20R2 Perhaps IL-20R1 IL-20R1-/IL-20R2	Truncated IL-20R1 variant
IL-20	Glioblastoma cells Mixed glial cells	Ischemia-hypoxia LPS	Microglia Astrocytes	IL-22R1/IL-20R2 IL-20R1/IL-20R2 IL-22R1/IL-20R2	Truncated IL-20R1 variant
IL-22	Unknown	West Nile virus TMEV IL-23 IL-6	Microglia Astrocytes BBB endothelial cells Glioblastoma	IL-22R1/IL-10R2 IL-22R1/IL-10R2 IL-22R1/IL-10R2 IL-22R1/IL-10R2	IL-22BP
IL-24	Astrocytes	Chikungunya virus Neisseria meningitidis LPS	Microglia Astrocytes	IL-22R1/IL-20R2 IL-20R1/IL-20R2 IL-22R1/IL-20R2	Truncated IL-20R1 variant

LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TMEV, Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus.